The Pre-Tsarist (18th -19th centuries), the Tsarist (Russian empire-19th-20th centuries) and the Soviet communist period (1917-1991 yy )
In the khanates ( Kingdoms) that once comprised the present day Uzbekistan, people did not know what popular sovereignty meant. The khans ( Kings ) claimed their throne and asserted legitimacy on the basis of lineage and maintenance of sharia (Islamic rule).
The ulema (Islamic clergy) was also important in sanctifying khans and convincing the population to submit to their rule
CENTRAL ASIAN HISTORY AND POLITICS IN BRIEF
Bukhara
BUKHARA
People’s Soviet Republic of Khwarizm (Khorezmian PSR).
KHIVA
Flag of 1922
Flag of 1920
The flag used by the khanate of Khiva during the civil war (1917-1922)
In December, 1917, the Kokand Autonomous State became independent under Mustafa Chokai-Beg who hoisted a flag modeled on the Turkish flag, Red over Dark Blue with the star and crescent in the center.
Kokand
The Kokand Autonomous Government fell in the Winter of 1918.
Enver Pasha directed the Young Turks of "Union and Progress". After World War I, he 1918 fled to Germany and later to Moscow, where he was sent to Central Asia to convince the Muslim peoples that the communism was good. Enver, secretly a Bolchevik enemy, arrived to the Bukhara republic and allied himself with the local leader (progesist) Pulat Khodja, president of the Republic, who held power after the fall of the emir. Pulat asserted the independence of the republic and with Enver created a Pan-Turkish movement originating from Bukhara, with the help of the strong movement Pan-Turkish in the former Russian Turkestan, which was named basmachi. The movement of the Pan-Turkish (Basmachis) started 1921, adopted a flag in Samarcanda in September 1921, in a meeting of the "Insurgent National Organization of the Islamic Cenrtral Asia". They formally adopted the Constitution of the republic of Turkestan (frequently named in the cronicles PANTURANIA) in April 1922. The flag was very popular and was in use until the end of the movement in January 1924.
In November 1921, Enver travelled to Eastern Bukhara, officially for fight against the emir partisans, but in reality negotiated a treaty with the emir partisans (with the aprobation of the own emir). Dushambe, capital of the zone that was in hands of the bolcheviks, was taken 16 February 1922.
The constitution of the Republic of Turkestan was published April 1922. On 14 June 1922, the bolcheviks retook Dushambe, and soon after entered Bukhara. Enver fled to the mountains. The basmachis (translated as “conquers” but it was national freedom movement who fight anti Russian conquest) were defeated in Baljuam 1 August, and Enver died 4 August 1922 in the minor battle of Obdara. Salim Pasha continued the struggle but fled to Afghanistan (15 July 1923). The last basmachi warriors, retreating to the Ferghana Valley (1923-1924), were directed by the famous Kurshermat and used a different flag: red with shahadda, crescent and eight five-pointed stars in the canton, all in white.
Prior to the “basmachi” movement in Turkestan the local bolcheviks created the Soviet Republic of Turkestan 30 April 1918 (later a federated soviet republic 11 April 1921). The republic was dissolved 27 Octuber 1924 when five national republics were created.
At Samarkand in September 1921, the Union of Central Asian Islamic National Insurgent Organizations instituted an all-Turkestani flag. This flag was accepted by the Turkestani state constitution in April 1922 and was very popular and used until January 1924 when the last part of Turkestani territory fell to the Red Army. The flag consisted of nine alternating stripes of 5 red and 4 white, with an orange rectangle, bearing a white star and crescent, located next to the hoist between the two upper and two lower stripes. Around all four sides of the flag was a very narrow light blue border. The pole was topped by a Wolf's Head.
Turkistan
Flag of USSR
Map of Former USSR
Coat of Arms
Chronology
1922: The 10th All-Russian Congress of Soviets/1st All-Union Congress of Soviets takes place. Present are the RSFSR, the Transcaucasian SSR, the Ukrainian SSR, the White Russian SSR.
In 1924, the Uzbek and Turkmen SSRs are formed.
In 1929, the Tajik SSR is formed.
The 1936 Stalin Constitution names 11 republics as forming the USSR: the RSFSR, the Ukrainian SSR, the White Russian SSR, the Georgian SSR, the Armenian SSR, the Azerbaijan SSR, the Kazakh SSR, the Kirghiz SSR, the Uzbek SSR, the Turkmen SSR, and the Tajik SSR.
In March of 1940, the Karelian ASSR is upgraded to Karelo-Finnish SSR, pending the conquest of Finland. It is downgraded back to ASSR in 1956.
In August of 1940, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania become the 14th, 15th, and 16th SSRs (in no particulate order).
In the same month [August of 1940], Bessarabia and Bukovina are annexed by the USSR. Bukovina and Southern Bessarabia are attached to the Ukrainian SSR. The Ukrainian Moldavian ASSR is split into two parts: a section along the Dniestr is attached to the remainder of the newly annexed Bessarabia, and named Moldavian SSR, and the remainder of the ASSR is absorbed into the Ukrainian SSR.
With the motto «Workers of all countries, unite!»
22 July 1925
On 9 January 1926 the Arabic letters were replaced with latin letters (three times: in usbek, in russian and in tadjik)
The constitution of 1927 did not change the flag, but in 1931 the Tadjik ASSR was separated from Uzbekistan. The 103rd article of the constitution of 1931 described the flag without the letters in tadjik.
The last change of the soviet era was made on 29 August 1952 (Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet), when the striped flag was adopted.
The emblem of the SSR was introduced on 14 February 1937 by art. 143 of the then constitution (according to Hesmer [hes92]) and it was replaced by the current one July 1992. The current emblem retains many parts of the old SSR one: the grain and cotton wreaths, the ribbon (in the national colours now, though) with inscription, the sun, and even the star: this is, however, an eight-pointed blue star now instead of the communist five-pointed red star
29 August 1952
Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic
UZBEKISTAN
.
Uzbekistan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan_
Area 447,400 sq km 2,717,300 sq km 198,500 sq km 143,100 sq km 488,100 sq km
Population 26,851,195 15,185,844 5.146, 281 7,163,506 4,952,081
Volga Tatars Uzbeks Tatars Tatars Ukrainians (0.8%)
(2.4%) (3..0%) (1.3%) (2.4%) Azeris (0.8%)
Uighurs (0.9) Armenians (0.7%)
Karakalpaks Kazakh (0,9 ) Volga Tatars Baluchis (0.8%)
(2.1%) German (0.8) (1.4%)
And etc.,
Ethnic composition of Central Asia
Central Asian main political parties
Uzbekistan
People’s Democratic Party (NDP), Self-Sacrificer’s Party (alliance with Fatherland Progress Party), Adolat (Justice) Social Democratic Party, Democratic National Rebirth Party (Milliy Tiklanish), Liberal-Democratic party.
Kazakhstan
Republican Party ‘Otan’, Republican Party ‘Asar’, Agrarian-Industrial Union of Workers (AIST), Democratic Party of Kazakhstan, ‘Ak Zhol ’Kyrgizstan Alga
Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgizstan ‘”Alga”, Party Adilet, Ar-Namys Party, My Country Party of Action, Party of Justice and Progress, The Party of Communists of Kyrgyzstan (KCP), Socialist Party “Ata Meken”, Social Democratic Party of Kyrgyzstan (SDPK, )Democratic Movement Party of Kyrgyzstan,
and etc.,
Tajikistan
People’s Democratic Party of Tajikistan (PDPT), Communist Party of Tajikistan (CPT), Islamic Renaissance Party (IRPT), Socialist Party (SPT), Social Democratic Party (SDP).
Turkmenistan
Democratic Party of Turkmenistan (DPT)*
The ERK ( Freedom ) Democratic Party grew out of the Birlik (Unity) Popular Front of Uzbekistan which was started by Muhammad Salih and two of his friends in November, 1988. ERK took its name from a Turkistani nationalist party of the same name that was active among intellectuals in Central Asia in the 1920s. The ERK party distinguished itself from the rest of the Birlik movement by stressing the principle of "Independence First" rather than the notion of "First Democracy, Then Independence" which had become the slogan of pro-Moscow factions of the movement.
ERK was officially founded on April 11,1990, and Muhammad Salih was elected the party leader on April 30, 1990. The party's platform articulated the goals of independence for Uzbekistan, a multi-party democratic system, a market economy, private enterprise and land reform.
Uzbek main opposition democratic parties flags
"Birlik" (Unity) democratic movement (party) was formed 1988 and was registrated as a movement in 1991.
Freedom Democratic Party (ERK)
Uzbekistan
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
2005
Presidential
Presidential
Parliamentary
(1st and 2nd
round)
Parliamentary
(1st and 2nd
round)
2004
Parliamentary
Parliamentary
Parliamentary
2003
Parliamentary
2000
Presidential
Parliamentary
Presidential
Parliamentary
(1st and 2nd
round)
Parliamentary
(low house)
1999
Parliamentary
(1st and 2nd
round)
Presidential
Parliamentary
Presidential
Referendum
(Constitution
)
1998
Referendum
(Constitution)
1996
Referendum
(extended President term
1994
Post –Soviet parliament election (Unicameral)
1991
President election (first and last democratic election)
