The woody/ed

7. Conclusions

So far only the coastal forest of a certain extend and often on raised ground have been investigated (mainly by Frontier-Tanzania). Our investigation showed that also small forest formations mostly have a high biodiversity and each forest has its specific species composition. Additional vegetation surveys are necessary to refine our preliminary classification of coastal forest types and also to obtain further insight in their dynamics. These supplementary inventories will also improve the understanding of the floristic affinities between our defined forest types and other coastal forests known from the literature.

Small forest formations are ecologically important elements of the Saadani ecosystem. The discovery of the unknown large coastal forest of Kwamsisi was a highlight of the mission and a complete survey of this forest having most probably a very high conservation value is urgently recommended. Our vegetation survey was also very useful in the rectification and floristic definition of the vegetation units of the new vegetation map.

8. Recommendations

1. 
   Establishment of a complete survey of the Kwamsisi Forest including:
   

- Preliminary mapping of the forest and calculation of its surface;

- Identification of access;

- Recognition of land ownership and traditional use rights;

- Carrying out floral and faunal inventories;

- Identification of current uses and threats;

- Protection and management suggestions; since a large part of this forest is on open land

outside the National Park, protection measures should be discussed with the local

communities.

2. 
   Evaluate the existing information about Zaraninge Forest (from Frontier-Tanzania and the former WWF Project) and identify the need of an additional biological survey.
   

3. 
   Assessment of the age of the coastal forests within the Saadani National considering the impact of sea-level changes during the Pleistocene. More recent shifts in the forest-savanna mosaic could be detected using soil carbon isotopes.
   

4. 
   Elaboration of a fire management plan for encroached areas and fire sensitive forests within the Saadani National Park (see also suggestions in Bloesch & Klötzli 2002).
   

5. 
   Construction of game and bird watching towers at particular scenic sites (e.g. at the edge of the Kwamsisi Forest or in the swamp of the Zaraninge Forest) in order to increase the tourist attraction of the area.
   

6. 
   Realisation of a botanical instruction trail.
   

7. 
   Assessment of a more detailed firewood survey:
   

1. 
   Confirmation and complementation of the preferred firewood species;
   
2. 
   Assessment of the current firewood consumption for the local communities in the vicinity of the Park in relation to the woody production of the area;
   
3. 
   Identifying the collection areas within the Park and in the areas adjacent to the Park.
   
4. 
   Assessment of the need of the local communities for introducing energy saving methods.
   

8. 
   Considerations concerning the permission for dead firewood collection in the Park for the local communities of Saadani and Mbuyuni (definition of perimeter, hours, days).
   

9. 
   Assessment and monitoring of the firewood and charcoal demand and the supply pattern of the Saadani area including the demand of the salt boilers and the additional demand related to the tourist development along the beach.
   

9. Acknowledgements

We are grateful to the Saadani Conservation and Development Programme of Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) for their assistance, general organization and confidence. Our warm thanks go to the Park Warden of the Saadani National Park, Mr. Njau, for his interest and support of the mission. Mzee Ndauka greatly assisted the realisation of the vegetation survey thanks to his excellent field knowledge. Particular thanks go to Frank Mbago from the Herbarium of the University of Dar es Salaam for helping in the identification of the plant species. And finally we would like to express our gratitude to our colleague Roland Cochard for his valuable support.

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11. List of Tanzania Wildlife Discussion Papers

1. Baldus, R. D. (1987) Wildlife Conservation and Wildlife Management in Africa.

2. Sommerlatte, M. (1988) A Wildlife Management Plan for Communal Areas Surroundingthe Selous Game Reserve.

3. Lerise, F. and Schüler, U. (1998) Conflicts between Wildlife and People.

4. Baldus, R. D. (1989) Village Participation in Wildlife Management.

5. Mitzlaff, V. U. (1989) The Situation of Women in Settlements Bordering the Selous Game Reserve.

6. Ndunguru, F. I. (1989) Big Animals and Big Problems.

7. Rohs, W. (1989) Konzept einer ökologisch verträglichen Tourismusent-wicklung im Norden des Selous Game Reserve-Tanzania.

8. (No author). (1990) Draft Management Plan for The Selous Game Reserve.

9. Rohs, W. (1991) The Environmental Impact Of Tourism in The Northern Selous

Game Reserve. (Translation by R. D. Baldus)

10. Lerise, F., Mwamfupe,D., Schüler. (No year)Sustainable Management of

Natural Resources in the Liwale Buffer Zone.

11.Hyera, J.M.K. (1990) Veterinary and Virological Aspects Associated with

Driving Cattle On Foot via a Stock Route Through the Selous Game

Reserve.

12.Baldus, R. D., Bigurube, G., Krischke, H., and Ndunguru, I. (1991) Community Wildlife Management around The Selous Game Reserve.

13.(No author). (1992) Preliminary Management Plan Selous Game Reserve.

14. Hayata, R. and Kachera, I. (1992) Natural Resource Management by Self-Help Promotion.

15. Stronach, N. (1993) Checklist of the Birds of Selous Game Reserve.

16. Baldus, R. D., Krischke, H., Lyamuya, V., and Ndunguru, I. (1994) People and Wildlife Experience From Tanzania.

17. Baldus, R. D. and Stronach, N. (1994) Bibliography on Selous Game Reserve.

18. Kilindo, J., Ligogi, M., Magona, S., Mfaume, M., Stronach, R.H.N. (1994) A List of Vernacular of Wild Animals of Selous Game Reserve.

19. Stronach, N. and Siege, L. (1995) The Elephant of the Selous Game Reserve and their Management.

20.Hoffman, R. H. (1995) Land Use Conflicts and Habitat Conservation Magombera Forest Tanzania (Red Colobus Monkey).

21. Booth, W. and Games, I. (1996) Financial Potential of the Selous Game Reserve and its Buffer Zone.

22. Gillingham, S. (1997) Do all Peasants Farmers Look Alike? The Socio-economic Context for Community Wildlife Management around The Selous Game Reserve, Tanzania.

23. Gillingham, S. (1998) Conservation Attitudes of Villagers Living Next to the Selous Game Reserve.

24. Masunzu, C. (1998) Assessment of Crop Damage and Application of Non-Lethal Deterrents for Crop-Protection East of Selous Game Reserve.

25.Hofman,R. H.,Pitra, C. and Lieckfeldt D. (1999) Phylogenetische Differenzierung von Subpopulationen der Rappanantilope (Hippotragus Niger) In Ostrafrika.

26. Winnegge, R. (1999) An Assessment of the Water Resources in the SaadaniGame Reserve Tanzania, and Proposals for their Development.

27. Siege, L. (2000) From Decline to Recovery. The Elephants of the Selous.

28. Baldus, R. D., Ludwig, S., Stronach, N. (2001) Bibliography on Selous Game Reserve.

29. Baldus, R. D., Hahn, D., Kaggi, S., Kaihula, Mahundi, C. C., Murphee, M., Roettcher, K., Siege, L. and Zacharia, M. (2001) Experiences with Community Based Wildlife Conservation in Tanzania

30. Baldus, R. D., Broska, D., Rottcher, K. (2001) Saadani:An Introduction to Tanzania’s Future 13^th National Park.

31. Booth, V., Majamba, H., Nangale, G. (2002) Procedures for Communities to Enter into Joint Ventures in WMAs.

32. Junge, H. (2002) Decentralisation and Community-Based Natural Resource Management in Tanzania.

33. Bloesch, U. and Klötzli, F. (2002) The Vegetation of the Saadani National Parkand Possible Conservation and Management Strategies.

34. Baldus, R. D., Hahn, D., Mpanduji, G.D. and Siege, L. (2003) The Selous-Nissa Wildlife Corridor.

35. Stronach, N. (2003) Checklist of Birds of Selous Game Reserve.

36. Gastorn, G. K. (2003) The Legal Environment for Tourist Investments on Village Land outside Wildlife Management Areas.

37. Bloesch, U. and Klötzli, K. (2004) Coastal Forests in Saadani National Park – Conservation Values and Management Strategies

38. Ngoti, P. M. and Baldus R. D. (2004) HIV/AIDS and the wildlife sector in Tanzania.

39. Ngowe, N. M. (2004) The Role of Local Communities in Wildlife Management: A Case study of the Serengeti Regional ConservationProject.

40. Baldus, R.D. (2004) Bibliography of Saadani Game Reserve.

41. Baldus, R. D. (2004) Lion Conservation in Tanzania Leads To Serious Human – Lion Conflict. With A Case Study Of Man Eating Lions

All available Discusion Papers can be downloaded from: www.wildlife-programme.gtz.de/wildlife

1 A continuous stand of trees at least 10 m tall, their crowns interlocking (White 1983); see also Clarke (2000).

2 An open stand of trees at least 8 m tall with a canopy cover of 40% or more. The field layer is usually dominated by grasses (White 1983) ; see also Clarke (2000).

3 Woody plant species of which most individuals always keep more than 50% of their leaves.

4 Woody plant species of which most individuals loose at least 50% of their leaves annually at the same time.

5 Resin (mainly fossilised) from Hymenaea verrucosa, formerly traded to India and Arabic countries for the use as varnish and incense (Burgess et al. 2000).