This book explores the impact of the 1917 Revolution on factory life

The term ‘craft union’ is used to denote a narrow, exclusive union of
workers of one specific trade; the term ‘trade union’ is used to denote a
union of workers in several related trades; the term ‘industrial union’ is
used to denote a union which embraces all workers in a branch of
industry, regardless of their job.

E. Schneider, Industrial Sociology (New York, McGraw Hill, 1957), Ch.
10. The American Labor Movement, ed. D. Brody (New York, Harper and
Row, 1971). H. Clegg, A. Fox, A.F. Thompson, A History of British Trade
Unionism (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1964) Chs.1,4.

M. Hanagan, The Logic of Solidarity (Urbana, University of Illinois Press,

1980. 
      ; B.H. Moss, The Origins of the French Labor Movement (Berkeley,
      University of California Press, 1976); D. Geary, ‘The German Labour
      Movement, 1848-1919’, European Studies Review, 6 (1976) 297-330.
      

15. 
    Bulkin, Na zare profdvizheniya, p.309.
    
16. 
    Metallist, 12 (1922), p.66.
    
17. 
    Pravda, 41, 26 April 1917, p.4.
    
18. 
    Professional'nyi Vestnik, 7, 16 Dec. 1917, p.7.
    
19. 
    Prof. dvizh. v igiyg., p.125; Petrogradskaya Pravda, 167, 6 Aug. 1918, p.4.
    
20. 
    Metallist, 1-2, 17 Aug. 1917, p. 14.
    
21. 
    Prof dvizh. v igiyg., p.341-
    
22. 
    Bulkin, Na zare profdvizheniya, p.226.
    
23. 
    Pravda, 51, 7 May 1917, p.3; Pravda, 57, 14 May 1917, p.3.
    
24. 
    Professional sections existed within the printers’, leatherworkers’,
    woodworkers’ and other unions in 1917.
    
25. 
    Tret'ya vserossiiskaya konferentsiyaprofessional'nykh soyuzov igiyg. (Moscow,
    192 7). Pankratova is quite wrong to claim that the Bolsheviks believed in
    revolutionary industrial unions, whereas the Mensheviks believed in
    neutral trade unions. A. Pankratova, Fabzavkomy iprofsoyuzy v revolyutsii
    ig/7g. (Moscow, 1927), p.56.
    
26. 
    Z.V. Stepanov, Rabochie Petrograda v period podgotovki i provedeniya
    oktyabr'skogo vooruzhennogo vosstaniya (Moscow, 1965), p.89.
    
27. 
    Ekho derevoobdelochnika, 2, 19 Oct. 1917, p.12.
    
28. 
    Ibid., p. 14.
    
29. 
    Ekho derevoobdelochnika, 3, 12 Dec. 1917, p.15.
    
30. 
    Revolyutsionnoe dvizhenie v Rossii nakanune oktyabr'skogo vooruzhennogo vossta-
    niya (Moscow, 1962), p.277.
    
31. 
    Rabochii Put', 36, 14 Oct. 1917, p.4.
    
32. 
    Oktyabr'skoe vooruzhennoe vosstanie v Petrograde (Moscow, 1957), p.277.
    
33. 
    Stepanov, Rabochie Petrograda, p.90.
    
34. 
    Professional'nyi Vestnik, 7, 10 Dec. 1917, p.6.
    
35. 
    Gilds (tsekhi) had been legalised by Peter the Great in 1722 but had never
    become deeply entrenched. In the 1850s and 1860s there was a campaign
    to abolish them. On the latter, see R. Zelnik, Labor and Society in Tsarist
    Russia (Stanford University Press, 1971) pp.120-33. For an interesting
    account of the tsekh system in the bakery trade at the beginning of this
    century see B. Ivanov, Po stupen'yam bor'by: zapiski starogo bol'shevika
    (Moscow, 1934), pp. 167-9.
    

36 R. Zelnik, ‘Russian Workers and the Revolutionary Movement’,
Journal of Social History, 16, no.2 (1972-3); A. Wildman, The Making of
a Workers’ Revolution (Chicago University Press, 1967), pp. 123-6,
¹37-49-
37 See, for example, the article by D. Kol'tsov, Professional'nyi Vestnik, 3—4,
15 Oct. 1917, p.6.

38. 
    Shestoi s"ezd RSDRP (6): Protokoly (Moscow, 1958), p.264.
    
39. 
    Prof dvizh. v igi7g., p.45.
    
40. 
    Ibid., pp.57, 63.
    
41. 
    Ibid., pp.58-9.
    
42. 
    Ibid., p.48. At the Third Conference of Trade Unions a row broke out
    over the same phrase. Conference voted to substitute the word
    ‘movement’ for ‘party’. See John Keep’s excellent discussion, J.L.H.
    Keep, The Russian Revolution: a study in mass mobilisation (London,
    Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1976), p.89.
    
43. 
    The so-called Interdistrict Group ofSocial Democrats, of which Trotsky
    became leader after his return from the USA in 1917.
    
44. 
    Prof. dvizh. v iQiyg., p.50.
    
45. 
    Revolyutsionnoe dvizhenie v iyule: iyul'skii krizis (Moscow, 1959), P-337-
    
46. 
    Prof. dvizh. v igi7g., p.53.
    
47. 
    Stepanov, Rabochie Petrograda, p. 172.
    
48. 
    Bor'ba, 3, Sept. 1917, p.i; Rabochii Put', 10 Sept.1917, p.4.
    
49. 
    Prof. dvizh. v I9i7g., p. 123.
    
50. 
    Ibid., p. 119. The SRs were a significant influence in the leatherworkers’
    union, the transport union and the union of postal employees.
    
51. 
    Metallist, 2, 19 Feb. 1918, p.9.
    
52. 
    S. Volin, Deyatel'nost' men'shevikov v profsoyuzakh pri sovetskoi vlasti (New
    York, 1962), p.32.
    
53. 
    Ekho derevoobdelochnika, 2, 19 Oct. 1917, p.6.
    
54. 
    Zerno Pravdy, 1-2, 10 July 1917, pp.11-12.
    
55. 
    Nabat, 5, 18 Nov. 1917, p. 10. There was conflict between Bolsheviks and
    SR Maximalists in the union, with the latter accusing the former of
    trying to monopolise control of the union, and the former accusing the
    latter of sabotaging union work in certain bread-factories. Ibid., p. 12 and
    Rabota soyuza muchnykh izdelii i osnovanie soyuza pishchevikov igi7g. (Lening-
    rad, 1927), p.6.
    
56. 
    Prof. dvizh. v igi7g., p. 135.
    
57. 
    T. Shatilova, Ocherk istorii leningradskogo soyuza khimikov, igog-i8gg.
    (Leningrad, 1927), p.64; Volin, Deyatel’nost’ men'shevikov, p.29.
    
58. 
    Volin, Deyatel'nost' men'shevikov, p.23.
    
59. 
    Pechatnoe Delo, 13, 8 Dec. 1917, pp. 10-11.
    
60. 
    Novyi Den, 26, 11 April 1918, p.4.
    
61. 
    S.G. Strumilin, Zarabotnaya plata i proizvoditel'nost' truda v promyshlennosti
    (Moscow, 1923), p.25.
    
62. 
    Stepanov, Rabochie Petrograda, p.53.
    
63. 
    L.S. Gaponenko, Rabochii klass Rossii v igiyg. (Moscow, 1970), pp.378,
    384- 436.
    
64. 
    Bor'ba, i,Sept. 1917, pp.9-12; Bor’ba, 3, Sept.1917, pp.13-14; Bor’ba, 4,
    Sept. 1917, pp. 14-15.
    

38. 
    Nashe Slovo, 1, 12 Oct. 1917, p. 13; Rabotnitsa, 3, 20 May 1917, pp.5-6;
    Professional'noe dvizhenie rabochikh khimikov i stekol'shchikov, igog~i8gg., ed.
    Yu. K. Milonov (Moscow, 1928), p.48.
    
39. 
    Stepanov, Rabochie Petrograda, pp.87~g; Vestnik aptechnogo truda, 14-15, 15
    Nov. 1917, pp.8-9; Pischebumazhnik, 2-3, 21 Oct. 1917, pp. 19-21.
    
40. 
    Ekho derevoobdelochnika, 2, 19 Oct. 1917, pp. 7—8.
    
41. 
    L. I. Leskova, ‘Kollektivnye dogovory rabochikh s predprinimatelyami v
    ^I9°5^-788- > Rabochii klass i rabochee dvizhenie v Rossii (Moscow, 1966).
    
42. 
    P. Stearns, Lives of Labor: Work in a Maturing Industrial Society (New York,
    Holmes and Meier, 1975)
    
43. 
    H.A. Clegg, The System of Industrial Relations in Great Britain (Oxford,
    Blackwell, 1970); K. Burgess, The Challenge of Labour: Shaping British
    Society, i8yo-iggo (London, Croom Helm, 1980), pp. 119-21.
    
44. 
    Materialy po statistike truda, issue 6 (Petrograd, 1919), 10.
    
45. 
    Vestnik Metallista, 1 (1917), 18.
    
46. 
    Za dvadtsat' let, ed. V. Rabinovich (Leningrad, 1926), pp.98-9.
    
47. 
    The Russian Provisional Government, ed. R.P. Browder and A.F. Kerensky,
    vol.2 (Stanford University Press, 1961), p.170; Len. gos. ist. arkhiv
    (LGIA), f.1278, op.i, d.113, 1.86.
    
48. 
    A.P. Serebrovskii, Revolyutsiya i zarabotnaya plata rabochikh metallicheskoi
    promyshlennosti (Petrograd, 1917), p.22.
    
49. 
    Metallist, 1-2, 17 Aug. 1917, p.7.
    
50. 
    Rabochaya Gazeta, 33, 16 April 1917, p.4; Len. Gos. ist. arkhiv (LGIA),
    f.1296, d. 1, op. 17, 11.12-13.
    
51. 
    Putilovets v trekh revolyutsiyakh, ed. 1.1. Gaza (Moscow, 1933), pp.327-8.
    
52. 
    Mid., p.329.
    
53. 
    Pravda, 77, 9 June 1917, p.4; Zemlya i Volya, 63, 9june 1917, p.3.
    
54. 
    Rab. Gazeta, 89, 24 June 1917, p.4.
    
55. 
    Putilovets v trekh rev., p.334.
    
56. 
    Ibid., pp.346-7.
    
57. 
    I.I. Gaza, Putilovets na putyakh k oktyabr'yu (Moscow, 1933) p. 106.
    
58. 
    Rab. Gazeta, 89, 24 June 1917, p.4.
    
59. 
    Putilovets na trekh rev., pp.349-50.
    
60. 
    Gaza, Putilovets na putyakh, p. 109.
    
61. 
    For an excellent account of the July Days see A. Rabinowitch, Prelude to
    Revolution (Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1968).
    
62. 
    Gaza, Putilovets na putyakh, p. no.
    
63. 
    Ibid., p.i 12.
    
64. 
    Metallist, 1-2, 17 Aug. 1917, p.4.
    
65. 
    Trudy pervogo vserossiiskogo s"ezda sovetov narodnogo khozyaistva (Moscow,
    1918), p.380.
    
66. 
    Metallist, 1-2, p.20.
    
67. 
    Vestnik Metallista, 1, 1917, p. 16.
    
68. 
    Pravda, 93, 28 June 1917, p.4; Za dvadtsat' let, pp.105, 112.
    
69. 
    Fabrichno-zavodskie komitety Petrograda v igiyg. (Moscow, 1979), p-459;
    Rab. Gazeta, 14, 23 July 1917, p.4.
    
70. 
    Rab. Gazeta, 117, 27 July 1917, p.3.
    
71. 
    Gaza, Putilovets na putyakh, p. 129.
    

99 Za dvadtsat' let, pp.117-18; Len. gos. ist. arkhiv, f.1477, op.3, d.i, 1.66.

100. 
     Vestnik Metallista, 1, pp. 1-6. The SFWO signed reluctantly. At a meeting
     of the Petrograd district section of the city SFWO on 3 August A.G.
     Berger urged colleagues to accept the contract, since, although its
     wage-rates were high, it would bring uniformity and, made provision for
     piece-rates and productivity deals. Len. gos. ist. arkhiv (LGIA), f.1278,
     op.i, d.183, 1.127.
     
101. 
     Rab. Gazeta, 171, 27 Sept. 1917, p.4.
     
102. 
     Fab. zav. kom., pp.395—6.
     
103. 
     Ibid., p.404.
     
104. 
     See the speech by Konovalenko at the first national metalworkers’
     tariff-conference on 17 October. Vserossiiskaya tarifnaya konferentsiya
     soyuzov metallistov (Petrograd, 1918), p.58.
     
105. 
     Natsionalizatsiya promyshlennosti v SSSR, igij-sogg., ed. I.A. Gladkov
     (Moscow, 1954), pp.250-6.
     
106. 
     Metallist, 12 (1922) 43; Vestnik Metallista, 1, p.47.
     
107. 
     Gaza, Putilovets na putyakh, p.128.
     
108. 
     Stepanov, Rabochie Petrograda, p.82.
     
109. 
     Novaya Zhizn’, 148, 6 Oct. 1917, p.4; Rab. Put', 35, 13 Oct. 1917, p.4.
     
110. 
     V ogne revolyutsionnykh boev, vol.2 (Moscow, 197 r), p.43.
     
111. 
     Tarifnaya konferentsiya, p. 136.
     
112. 
     Rab. Put', 46, 30 Oct. 1917, p.4; Novyi Put', 1-2, 15 Oct. 1917, p.15;
     Tarifnaya konferentsiya, p. 137.
     
113. 
     Vestnik Metallista, 1, p.48.
     
114. 
     Metallist, 1-2, p.6.
     
115. 
     Metallist, 5, 9 Nov. 1917, p.2.
     
116. 
     Serebrovskii, Rev. i zar. plata, pp.24-5.
     
117. 
     A. Tikhanov, ‘Rabochie-pechatniki v gody voiny’, Materialy po istorii
     professional'nogo dvizheniya v Rossii, vol.3 (Moscow, 1925), 114.
     
118. 
     Pechatnoe Delo, 4, 10 July 1917, pp.7, 13.
     
119. 
     A. Tikhanov, ‘Rabochie-pechatniki v 1917g-’, Mat. po ist. prof. dvizh.,
     vol.4 (1925), p. 166.
     
120. 
     Pechatnoe Delo, 5, 22 July 1917, pp.9-10.
     
121. 
     Materialy po statistike truda, issue 6 (Petrograd, 1919), 52-3.
     
122. 
     Pechatnoe Delo, 8, 1 Sept. 1917, p.3; Delo Naroda, 118, 4 Aug. 1917, p.4;
     ibid., 126, 13 Aug., p.4.
     
123. 
     Tikhanov, ‘Rabochie-pechatniki v 1917g-’, p.162.
     
124. 
     Strumilin, Zarabotnaya plata, pp.35-6.
     
125. 
     Istoriya leningradskogo soyuza rabochego poligraftcheskogo proizvodstva, vol. 1
     (Leningrad, 1923), p.345.
     
126. 
     Rev. dvizh. v iyule, 341; Golos Kozhemika, 4—5, 1 Dec. 1917, p.21.
     
127. 
     Serebrovskii, Rev. i zar. plata, p.28.
     
128. 
     Ibid.
     
129. 
     Metallist, 4, 18 Oct. 1917, pp.8-9.
     
130. 
     Ekho derev., 2, p.14.
     
131. 
     Torgovo-promyshlennaya Gazeta, 195, 8 Sept. 1917, p.2.
     
132. 
     Prof. dvizh. v 1917g., pp. 164-5.
     
133. 
     Pischebumazhnik, 2-3, p. 19.
     

100. 
     Metallist, 12 (1922), 22.
     
101. 
     M. Clark, Antonio Gramsci and the Revolution that Failed (New Haven, Conn.
     Yale University Press, 1977), pp.17-18.
     
102. 
     Professional'nyi Soyuz, 2, 1 May 1918, p.10; ‘Alexei Gastev and the Soviet
     Controversy over Taylorism’, Soviet Studies, XXIX, no.3 (1977), 373-94.
     
103. 
     R.L. Glickman, ‘The Russian Factory Woman, 1880—1914’, Women in
     Russia, ed. D. Atkinson and G. Lapidus (Stanford University Press,
     

1977)-

100. 
     Vtoroi s"ezd RSDRP (1903): Protokoly (Moscow, 1959), pp. 198-207; W.
     Thonnessen, The Emancipation of Women (London, Pluto, 1976), p.54.
     
101. 
     Pravda, 77, 9 June 1917, p.4.
     
102. 
     Vestnikprofessional'nykh soyuzov, 1, 20 May 1917, p.13; Tkach, 1, pp.21-2;
     Delo Naroda, 172, 5 Oct. 1917, p.4; Ekhoderev. 2, p.14; Prof. dvizh. v igijg.,
     P-^I54-
     
103. 
     I.A. Baklanova, Rabochie Petrograda v period mimogo razvitiya revolyutsii
     (Leningrad, 1978), pp.94-5.
     
104. 
     Fab. zav. kom., pp.36, 57.
     
105. 
     Ibid., p.344.
     
106. 
     N.P. Payalin, Zavod im. Lenina (Moscow, 1933), pp.364, 378.
     
107. 
     Oktyabr’skaya revolyutsiya ifabzavkomy, vol. 1 (Moscow, 1927), pp. 117,238.
     
108. 
     Ibid., p.260.
     
109. 
     Stepanov, Rabochie Petrograda, p.m.
     
110. 
     Delo Naroda, 55, 19 May 1917, p.4.
     
111. 
     Revolyutsiya igi7g.: khronika sobytii, vol.2, ed. N. Avdeev (Moscow, 1923),
     PP-I73-4, 180.
     
112. 
     Delo Naroda, 125, 12 Aug. 1917, p.i.
     
113. 
     Kontorskii Trud, 2, Nov. 1917, p. 12.
     
114. 
     Bor'ba, 1, pp. 7-9.
     
115. 
     D. Antoshkin, Ocherk dvizheniya sluzhashchikh v Rossii (Moscow, 1921),
     P-7°-
     
116. 
     Prof. dvizh. v I9i7g., pp.346-7.
     
117. 
     Ibid., pp.347, 349-
     156 Fab. zav. kom. pp.446—7.
     

157. 
     Gaza, Putilovets na putyakh, p. 106.
     
158. 
     Fab. zav. kom., pp.460-4.
     
159. 
     Rabochii kontrol' v promyshlennykh predpriyatiyakh Petrograda, 1917—i8gg.
     (Leningrad, 1947), p. 138.
     
160. 
     Istoriya obuvnoi fabriki Skorokhod (Leningrad, 1969), pp.161-2.
     
161. 
     Rab. kontrol', p.72.
     
162. 
     Golos Chertezhnika, 3, 1 Oct. 1917, p.5.
     

NOTES TO CHAPTER 6

i V.I. Selitskii, ‘Nekotorye voprosy bor'by petrogradskikh rabochikh za
kontrol' nad proizvodstvom v period mirnogo razvitiya revolyutsii’,
Istoriya rabochego klassa Leningrada, issue 2 (Leningrad, 1963); M.L. Itkin,
‘Nekotorye funktsii rabochego kontrolya v period podgotovki
vooruzhennogo vosstaniya’, Rabochii klass i rabochee dvizhenie v Rossii v
'⁽P7g-

2. 
   Z.V. Stepanov, ‘K voprosu o rabochem kontrole nad proizvodstvom i
   raspredeleniem’, Istoriya SSSR, 4 (1968), 225—8. For further discussion of
   this problem, see T.A. Ignatenko, Sovetskaya istoriografiya rabochego
   kontrolya i natsionalizatsii promyshlemwsti v SSSR, 1917—67gg. (Moscow,
   ^:970> PP-203-5-
   
3. 
   V.I. Lenin, Selected Works, vol.i (London, Lawrence and Wishart, 1947).
   
4. 
   P. Avrich, The Russian Revolution and the Factory Committees (Columbia
   University, Ph.D., 1962), Ch.2.
   
5. 
   W. Rosenberg, ‘Workers and Workers’ Control in the Russian Revolu-
   tion’, History Workshop, 4 (1978), 92.
   
6. 
   Avrich, The Russian Revolution and the Factory Committees, pp.92—3; see also,
   P. Avrich, ‘The Russian Factory Committees in 1917’, Jahrbiicher fir
   Geschichte Osteuropas, 2 (1963), 161-82.
   
7. 
   Ibid., p.i 10.
   
8. 
   P. Avrich, ‘The Bolsheviks and Workers’ Control’, Slavic Review, 22, no. 1
   

1963. 
      , 54.
      

2. 
   J.L.H. Keep, The Russian Revolution: a study in mass mobilisation (London,
   Weidenfeld, 1976), p.89.
   
3. 
   F.I. Kaplan, Bolshevik Ideology and the Ethics of Soviet Labour (London,
   Owen, 1969), pp. 128-9. In referring to ‘a type of cooperative associa-
   tion,’ Kaplan is here citing Lozovskii’s description of workers’ control.
   
4. 
   P. Kropotkin, Fields, Factories and Workshops Tomorrow (London, Allen
   and Unwin, 1974).
   
5. 
   J. Juillard, Fernand Pelloutier et les origines du syndicalisme d’action directe
   (Paris, Editions du Seuil, 1971); F.F. Ridley, Revolutionary Syndicalism in
   France (Cambridge University Press, 1970); P. Stearns, Revolutionary
   Syndicalism and French Labor (New Brunswick, N.J., Rutgers University
   Press, 1971).
   
6. 
   B. Pribicevic, The Shop Stewards’ Movement and Workers’ Control, 1910—22
   (Oxford University Press, 1959); M. Derber, The American Idea of
   Industrial Democraty (Urbana, University of Illinois Press, 1970), pp.
   56-9-
   14 P. Avrich, The Russian Anarchists (Princeton University Press, 1971).
   

15. 
    A. Berkman, The Russian Tragedy (Orkney, Cienfuegos, 1976); G.P.
    Maximoff, Syndicalists in the Russian Revolution (n.p, n.d. [1978]).
    
16. 
    Voline, The Unknown Revolution, 1917—21 (Detroit, Black and Red, 1974).
    
17. 
    Golos anarkhista, 1, 21 Nov. 1917. An anarchist, Gorelik, wrote that
    ‘anarchist workers were too weak in ideas and numbers to have much
    effect’, cited by V.V. Komin, Anarkhizm v Rossii (Kalinin, 1969), p. 145.
    
18.