This book explores the impact of the 1917 Revolution on factory life
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| Reisner, Larissa, 97
Renault works: only moderate control operated by factory committee, 163; strikes, 53; workers demand Red Guard, 100; young workers on factory committee, 197 Renev, anarchist from Baltic shipyard, 235 Respirator factory: committee demands sequestration, 179; workers’ view of factory committees, 204 Revolution of 1905, 23,43, 73,92,96,142, 253; dramatic development of shopfloor organisations, 57—8;
Revolution continued emergence of trade unions out of, 103; temporary shift towards more liberal industrial relations policy, 37-8
Revolution of 1917, see February Revolution; October Revolution Riga: evacuation offactories from, 22; German occupation of, 171 Robert Krug engineering works: conflict between factory committee and technical staff, 234; factory takeover, 237 Romanov dynasty, overthrow of, 54,256 Rosenberg, William, 140, 145 Rozenkrantz works: disputes over wage classifications, 128; extent of workers’control, 163; factory committee seeks fuel supplies, 147; factory committee shares raw materials, 148; few strikes at, 53; stokers form union, 106; white collar workers on works committee, 134 workers’ militia, 98 Rubtsov, V.D., hi, 185 Russian-Asiatic bank, 7 Russkaya Volya, seizure by printworkers, 143 Russo-Baltic works: factory committee phases out female employment, 176; workers condemn evacuation plans, 173 . . Russo-Belgian metallurgical company, workers check accounts, 176 Ryabushinskii, P.P., i8i,297n.66 Ryazanov, D.B., 112, 158, 185, 186, 189, 220, 249 Rykatkin, V.I., 179 Rykatkin engineering works, sequestration of, 179 Rykov, A.I., 239, 241 sabotage by employers, 151,172,180, 237, 238, 258; Bolsheviks see economic disruption as direct result of, 158,167,211; factory committees on guard against, 148, 175, 179, 182 safety standards, factory, 41, 78,85, 237 St Petersburg, 4; demographic structure of, 6, 267 n.5; industrialists and financiers of, 75-6; residential mixing of social classes, 12—13 ;see also Petrograd Sampsionevskaya Mill, women workers, 53. 193. >94 Schmidt, V.,68,111, 112,158,174, 189, 213 Schwarz, Solomon, 84, 182 ‘scientific management’, 31,39 searching of workers, 38,91 Second International, 263, 264 sectionalism, 2,128-9, >34 ‘self-management’, workers’, 149,160, 167, 223, 259-60,306 n.7; Bolsheviks’ approach to, 228-9; CCFC Instructions aspire to, 212, 214; distinction between workers’ control and, 240-1; experiments in, 177—8, 237; factory committees and, 227-8, 229; Putilov works committee on, 81; repudiated by representatives of Artillery enterprises, 62-3; resolution passed at naval enterprises conference preferring workers’ control to, 182; see also factory takeovers Selitskii, V.I., 139 Semenov engineering works, closure of, >76 semi-skilled workers, 31—2,32—3,47 sequestration offactories, 8,178, 179, 236.239.240 Sestroretsk works: activities offactory
162; starosty at, 58,61; workers blame industrial chaos on disorganisation of capitalist system, 172-3; works committee claims main task is to maintain production, 147 SFWO, see Society of Factory and Works Owners Shaposhnikov tobacco works, wages at, 117 Shatov, Bill, 157, 221 shift systems, 43 shipbuilding industries, effects of demobilisation of industry on, 243
158,220,249 shop stewards’ committees, 58-9,81-2, 89,91,93; sluzhashchie create, 135; supplementary to factory committees, 81; in West, 59; see also starosty shop assistants, 40, 136; strike, 118; union of, 104; working hours, 67 shopowners, 6,22 sickness benefit, 42-3 Siemens-Halske works: co-existence of factory and stewards’ committees, 58; payment of workers serving in militia, 99; strikes, 53; worker fired for drunkenness, 93 Siemens-Schukert works: conditions of work, 41; factory committee blocks closure plans, 175; payment of workers serving in militia, 99; redundancies, 246; strikes, 53 six-hour day, demand for, 135,198 Sixth Bolshevik Party Congress, 159 skill divisions, 27-33,127-8,27on.io2; see also semi-skilled workers; skilled workers; unskilled workers skilled workers, 28-30, 31-3, 34, 35,44, 45,94,131, 244; dominant in labour organisations, 60,91,190-1,255; wages, 47, 70-1, 129,130; see also ‘cadre’ workers; craft unions; masterovye Skobelev, M.I., 170-1; see also Skobelev circulars Skobelev circulars, 171, 180-1 Skorokhod shoe factory, 7,25; demand for eight-hour day, 65,69; far- reaching control offactory committee, 163; management stop payment of committee members, 181; minimum rates achieved by militant action, 68-g, 279 n.83; political complexion offactory committee, 160-1,162; re-election of factory committee, 205; relations between workers and sluzhashchie, 137; workers insist on dismissal of administrative personnel, 55 Skorokhodov, A.K., 161, 294^92 Skrypnik, N.A., 112,158,189,211,216, 219 sluzhashchie, 6,40; Central Council of starostas of Factory Sluzhashchie, 135— 6,137; involved in running factories, 237,240; relations with other workers, 134-5, J36-8,233-4, 273 n.23; serving on factory committees, 134,135; strikes, 137, 235-6; unions, 136, 183 Smirnov, Yakov, 94 Snaryadosoyuz, 7 SNKh S.R. (Northern Region economic council), 224, 232, 238, 239, 240, 243,248,250 socialism, transition to: Bolshevik policy on, 223,228-9, 259, 261-4; CCFC policy on, 211,214-16,224, 228, 261; Industrialist group’s view of, 132-3 Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs): on All- Russian Council of Workers’ Control, 213; dislike of workers’ control, 151-2; factories supporting, 52,53,89; influence in factory committee movement, 58,61,66,81, 84,90,96, 100,114,160-3, :64,178, 198,211; influence in trade unions, 104-5, 1 !4>1 ■Si 187,217,2870.50; Left SRs, 51,101,114, 152, 166; on Petrograd Soviet, 77; Right SRs, 114; SR Maximalists, 115, 152, 167; support for state control of economy, 151-2,153-4,258; onVTsIK commission on workers’ control, 210; zemlyachestvos swing to Bolsheviks from, 197 Socialist Union ofWorking Youth (SUWY), 197 Society of Factory and Works Owners (SFWO): in agreement with Provisional Government’s labour policy, 66-7, 76-7; attitude to factory committees, 78-9, 180, 231; complains of workers’ ‘excessive’ demands, 169; founding, structure and tasks, 75-6; proposals for minimum wage, 73; and wage contracts, 108,121-8, 130,131,132,
soldiers: form zemlyachestvos, 15,197; join insurgents in October 1917,51,54; sent to factories to do unpopular jobs, 49 Somov, General, 41 Sormovo, conclusion of collective wage contracts in, 120 Southern Russia: closure of factories, 168; lockouts, 169; mineowners call on Ministry of Labour, 170 soviets, 5,87, 154-5, 162,213; calls for transfer of power to, 112,113,114, 126,149,157 sovnarkhozy, see Councils of National Economy Spain: success of anarchism in, 291 n.18; syndicalist collectivisation of industry, 306 n.7 Spasskii, A.V., 55 Special Commission on Defence, 147, 171 SRs, see Socialist Revolutionaries starosty, 33, 119, 256; attempts to revive, 58; origins of, 57; women as, 194; see also shop stewards committees starshie, 39,254 starvation, 48,88,247, 248, 251 \ see also food ‘state capitalism’, 223—4,229 state control of economy, 155-6,157-8, 165, 223-9, 258-9, 261-2, 2940.115 State Food Committee, 86 State Papers print works: ‘court of honour’ at, 94; size of, 4 state sector, 7-8,9,10, 239; concern with workplace democracy, 182; evacuation plans, 171; social insurance in, 42-3; strikes in, 53; wages, 46, 73,158, 225; workers’ control in, 59-64, 149, 163, 182, 256
‘state workers’ control’, concept of, 155, '57.158-9,225,294 n. 115 steel production, 145 Stein company, workers’ resolution calling for workers’ control of production, 165 Stepanov, Z.V., 116,117,139,164 Stetskaya, Olga, 96 stewards, see shop-stewards; starosty stokers’ union, 106-7 strikes, 21, 37,38, 253; Bolshevik policy on, 218, 250; as chief weapon of trade unions, 187; over collective wage contracts, 108,121,123,126,130, 137; on ‘dignity’ issues, 40-1; problems ofdistinguishing between ‘economic’ and ‘political’, 49; during War, 48-53; widespread in summer 1917,116—19; seealso ‘go-slows’; working to rule Strumilin, S.G., 32,35,43,44,47,87, 116, 190, 248 Sukhanov, N.N., 94,95 Supreme Council of National Economy (VSNKh), 209, 212, 213, 224-5, 227,237,238,239,241; seealso Councils of National Economy SUWY, see Socialist Union ofWorking Youth Svetlana factory, women workers, 192 syndicalists, anarcho-syndicalists: influence in factory committees, 84, 143,144,150,157,188; influence in Petrograd labour movement, 142—3, 145, 258; influence in trade unions, 111,217; and movement for workers’ control, 140,141,152, 167, 211,212; opposed to subordination offactory committees to trade unions, 220-1; see also anarchists syndicates, 7, 154 tailors, avoidance of conscription, 22 Tamsin, worker at Lebedev factory, 178 ‘tariffs’, see collective wage contracts Taylor, F.W., 31 Taylorism, 133,250 technical staff, see sluzhashchie-, technicians’ union technicians’ union, 183 technology, advanced: effect on workers of introduction of, 30-1, 254; in Petrograd industry, 8-9, 27 temperance campaigns, 92 Tentelevskii chemical works: control of hiring and firing by factory committee, 65; cooperation between workers and salaried employees, 135; workforce insist on dismissal of administrative personnel, 55 Terent'ev, anarchist delegate to factory committee conference, 235 textile industry: employers’ attitude to workers’ control, 231; factory takeovers, 235; size of mills, 12; working hours and conditions, 42, 43,44,67; see also textile workers textile workers, 10, 12,29,32-3,34-5,40, 160; proletarianisation of, 16,18, 19, 20; standard ofliving, 44-5; strikes, 53; wages, 46,48,69-70, 72, 131, 133; women workers, 23-4, 29,48, I04> '33. '93. '94. 235—6; seealso textile industry; textile workers’ union textile workers’ union, 104, 105,194, 200, 201,216,217; political influence within, 114 theatre, working class, 97 theatre employees’ union, excluded from PCTU, 111 theft, 89,91,94; see also searching of workers Thornton textile mill, militancy of women workers, 55 Tik, K.P., 130 Tikhanov, A., 33 Timofeev, P., 16,30,41 Tkach, 26, 114 tobacco workers: union membership, 105; wage differentials, 131
181
Touraine, Alain, 27—8 Trade and Industry, Ministry of: on employers’ reaction to economic crisis, 169; Labour Department of, 76, 78; relations with Ministry of Labour, 171; survey on absenteeism, 89 trade union conferences, 67-8, 107, 159, 187,194, 200,216,217,220,223,230 trade unions: ‘bureaucratisation’ of, 202, 203,207,208,257; and collective wage contracts, 120-34; compared with factory committees, 203-4; and Decree on Workers’ Control, 210, 212,214; democracy in, 200-3; district organisation of, 84,202-3; emergence and growth of, 38,57,59, 64,103-9,256-7; and evacuation of industry, 174; and labour discipline, 73,93,247,250; Lenin’s view of, 226, 259; membership, 105-6,200-1; and ‘new’workers, 196,199-200; and organisation of food supply, 87; political composition of, 109-16; re- assessment of role after October Revolution, 216-19,251; relationship with factory committees, 185-9, 2I3> 219-23, 260; SFWO recognition of, 76; and unemployment, 169; women members, 193—4; and workers’ clubs, 96; see also craft unions; industrial unions; Petrograd Council of Trade Unions; trade union conferences transport system: demand for militarisation of, 171; disruption of, 9,86,145,172; SNKH S.R. responsible for organising, 224; see also transport workers transport workers, 6,40,172 Triangle rubber-works: activities of factory committee, 148,178,260; closure of, 244; composition of works committee, 134, 135,161; expulsion offoremen, 55; labour discipline, 93, 94; peasant workers, 15; rivalry between factory and stewards’ committees, 58; wages, 279 n.83; women workers, 25,194; workers’ control, 165,231 Troshin, anarchist militant at Kozhenikov textile mill, 235 Trotsky, Leon, 84,112, 159,185,283 n.90,287n.43,307 n. 13 tsarist autocracy: industrial relations under, 37-8; overthrow of, 54, 256 Tseitlin, D.A., 235, 236 Tsvetkova, M., 195 turners, 28,29,32 typesetters, 33, 73,115,130, 254 unemployment: discontent caused by, 246-7; high level of, 168-9, 244; measures to reduce, 68,113; organisations, 247; and women workers, 195; unemployment benefit, 43,247; see also redundancies Union of the Russian People, 246 Union of Socialist Working Youth, 97 Union of Workers for the Defence of Their Rights, 109 unskilled workers, 30,32,33,244; part played in labour movement, 122, 190,196-7,199,207; wages, 70-2,
Vankov, S.N., 7 Vasilevski district, 12; district council of factory committees, 83,165; Economic Council of Workers of, 220; soviet, 196; workers’ club, 96 Vasko, 167 Vdovin, A. I., 244 Veinberg, G., 216, 219, 220, 241 Volin, 143,144,157,188 Volkov, I., 111,112 Volodarskii, V., 123 Voronkov, 220 Voskov, Sestroretsk factory delegate to factory committee conference, 188 vote at 18, demand for, 197-8 VSNKh, see Supreme Council of National Economy VTsIK, see Central Executive Committee of the Soviets Vulcan works: administration threatens to halve factory committee’s wages, 181; committees seek fuel supplies, 147; factory committee blocks closure plans, 175; gives loan to Kersten factory, 236; sequestration of, 239; swing to Bolshevik Party, 52 Vyborg district, 12, 13, ioijcouncilof factory committees, 83, 220; metalworkers’ union, 104; soviet, 101; workers’ militia, 98,99 Vyborg spinning mill: director ‘carted out’, 193; wage rates, 72; working hours, 67 wage differentials, 33,46-7, 70-2, 120-1, 129-31,250,257 wages: after February Revolution, 68-73, 116-17; before War, 44; and conciliation chambers, 77; during War, 45-8; factory committees’ regulation of, 63,64,68, 70, 72,84; fixed by foremen, 39; management resistance to demands for higher, 69-70; minimum, 68,69, 72—3,135, 250; Russian, compared with other countries, 274 n.51; stewards’ committees and, 58,82, 135; strikes for higher, 51, 70, 116, 118—19; women’s, 47—8,69-70, 71, 72; see also collective wage contracts; equal pay; piece-rates; wage differentials Wagon Construction works, strikes at, 53 War, 1914-18; blamed for economic chaos, 151; effect on Petrograd industry, 8-9,12,31; effect on prices, 45; efTect on wages, 45-8; effect on workforce, 10, 21-2,23,25,31-2,44, 60, 254; shutdown of war production, 242-5,259; and suppression of trade unions, 103 War Industries Committee, 74-5,148, 177,179; see also Workers’ Group War Industries syndicate, 7 watchmakers’ union, 107 Weber, Max, 206 welders’ union, 107 Westinghouse works, resolution on workers’ control, 165 white collar workers, see sluzhashchie Whitleyism, 120 Winter Palace, storming of, 114 ‘Wobblies’, 142,157 women workers: age of, 25-6; clothing, 45; discrimination against, 29,175- 6, 195, 254; education and literacy, 34-5.95-6,97; equal pay for, 70, 123,133, 135,194; and labour discipline, 91,94; married women,
118; wages, 47-8,69-70, 71, 72; working conditions, 42; working hours, 37,44,67,170 woodturners’ union, 68,108,113,114, 119> '32, 133 woodworking industries, 10,67,243; union membership, 105,200; wage differentials, 131 \see also woodturners’ union work-books, 249 workers, see factory workers workers’ control of production: attempts to revive more radical forms of, during Civil War, 305 n. 102; formulations used in workers’ resolutions on, 165-7; ‘informational’ or ‘responsible’, 63, 183-4; originsofidea,61, I42; phases in development of, 149; radical concept of, after Bolshevik seizure of power, 214-15,230-42; as reflection of workers’ concern to realise gains of February Revolution, 182; as response to economic chaos, 145-9, 151, 179, 182,242, 258; syndicalist element in movementfor, 140,141,142-3; theory of, 139—41; Western interpretation of, 141, 149-50; see also Decree on Workers’ Control; distribution; finances; ‘state workers’ control’; and also under anarchists; Bolsheviks; Mensheviks; Socialist Revolutionaries workers’ directorates, 236,238 Workers Group ofWar Industries Committee, 49,52,53,58,62, 77, 110,170, 191 Workers of Russia’s Manchester, 109 Workers Voice group, 109 working class, Russian: Marxist notion of, 166, 253,263; ‘peasant’ character of, 14; social differentiation within, 36; working class unity, 129, 134, 255; see also class consciousness working conditions, 41-4,48,58-9,82, 121, 188,240; see also accidents; hygiene; safety standards working hours, 37,43-4,88, 121,133, 250; see also eight-hour day; overtime working; six-hour day working-to-rule, 275 n.88 writers’ union, excluded from PCTU, 111 Yakovlev, I., 135, 136 ‘Years ofReaction’, 43,58, 77, 103 young workers: conscription of, 21; join Red Army, 244; legislation of, 37; and night work, 44, 170; numbers of, 25-6; participation in labour movement, 52-3,197-8,255; problems of discipline among, 91; proletarianisation of, 254; and redundancies, 242; wages, 72; see also youth movement youth movement, 25,97,197 Yugoslavia, workers’ self-management in, 306 n. 7 Y uzevich, 115 Zaks, 210 zemlyachestvos, 15, 197 Zemo Pravdy, 114 Zhivotov, 222 Zholnerovich, I.F., 114 Zhuchaevich, V.V., 56 Zhuk, I., 144, 152, 157,167 Zinoviev, G., 155,217-18 Zubatov, S.V., 37,109 Yüklə 4,02 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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