Proto-fascist: merely implores CLOACA to concede that mobilization on all fronts is as necessary a response to the current threat condition as it was during World War II. Loyalty is part of the burden of citizenship, even for dissenters as to the morality or rectitude of a given war. Rights are attended by corresponding duties, and the state may obligate citizens—even academics—to contribute to the struggle in those ways they are able.
Streicher: early Nazi, honorary general in SA, published anti-Jewish weekly Der Sturmer for 22 years, championed Hitler’s policies but did not make them and no evidence he knew of any crimes against humanity until 1941 in Russia; “infected the German mind with the virus of anti-Semitism and incited the German people to active persecution” of Jews; called for “annihilation” of Jews” and extermination of the people whose father is the devil”; convicted of incitement to mass murder on political and racial grounds in connection with war crimes and crimes against humanity
Streicher: early Nazi, honorary general in SA, published anti-Jewish weekly Der Sturmer for 22 years, championed Hitler’s policies but did not make them and no evidence he knew of any crimes against humanity until 1941 in Russia; “infected the German mind with the virus of anti-Semitism and incited the German people to active persecution” of Jews; called for “annihilation” of Jews” and extermination of the people whose father is the devil”; convicted of incitement to mass murder on political and racial grounds in connection with war crimes and crimes against humanity
Radio Television Libre Mille-Collines: radio the primary medium due to illiteracy; RTLMC officially an independent station but in reality a government media organ; accused Tutsis of being plotters and parasites, mobilized Hutus to take action against “cockroaches” and take up arms against all Tutsis; triggered killing of hundreds of thousands of Tutsi civilians; ICTR found that media organs made the same propaganda endeavor and promoted each other and generated an atmosphere of hostility; government had power to stop transmissions and change the content but did not and therefore incited to violence; all station managers, owners, directors found guilty of genocide and public incitement to genocide; the mere potential of the communications media to cause genocide is enough to turn it into incitement—the media coverage is the bullets in the gun, and the people that produce and use it are the gun; have to take necessary measures to prevent killings by changing content
(1) in contemporary Fifth Generation War, non-state actors cannot defeat states militarily and thus redirect fields of fire toward “softer” targets that affect “political will”;
(1) in contemporary Fifth Generation War, non-state actors cannot defeat states militarily and thus redirect fields of fire toward “softer” targets that affect “political will”;
(2) political will--the belief of a population in the legitimacy of its cause and its willingness to fight and persevere in defense of that cause—is the ultimate “center of gravity” that must be overcome to defeat an enemy;
(4) in targeting the enemy society, military operations are subordinated to political, economic, and particularly information operations;
(5) information warfare consists of operations that employ information to generate cognitive effects that erode and fracture political will;
(6) most direct route to political will are claims about LOAC compliance: “Knowing that our society so respects the rule of law that it demands compliance with it, our enemies carefully attack our military plans as illegal and immoral and our execution of those plans as contrary to the law of war.”—Dunlap
(6) most direct route to political will are claims about LOAC compliance: “Knowing that our society so respects the rule of law that it demands compliance with it, our enemies carefully attack our military plans as illegal and immoral and our execution of those plans as contrary to the law of war.”—Dunlap
(7) because a democratic republic requires public support to muster, deploy, and sustain military forces, and because allegations of violations of LOAC strike hard at the legitimacy of a nation constituted in part by the rule-of-law and unwilling to sustain “illegal” wars, allegations that it is lawless in war erode public support for military operations and are a direct assault upon its political will—claims about LOAC are now a weapon of war;
(8) to destroy the political will of its more powerful adversary, a non-state actor must convince the enemy population that its government is an evil regime that has elected to fight an illegal war, that it systematically commits violations of LOAC in prosecuting this war, that its war crimes erode security and destroy core values, and that the only way it can restore its moral virtue, recommit to the rule-of-law, and protect itself is to withdraw in defeat;
(9) media are critical sources of information production and dissemination, a critical tool in reaching and affecting political will, and a vital weapon in making (spurious) claims about non/compliance with LOAC within the society of the state party;
(10) “lawfare” is the intersection of hostile media and spurious claims about LOAC noncompliance which represents the most effective method and means of attack in contemporary war against the political will of a stronger party in a conflict
Definitions
Definitions
(1) “strategy of using—or misusing—law as a substitute for traditional military means to achieve an operational objective.”
