Video coding standards k. R. Rao, Do Nyeon Kim J. J. Hwang Springer 2014



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` 1 High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC)

Revised/Updated Chapter from the book



VIDEO CODING STANDARDS K. R. Rao, Do Nyeon Kim

J.J. Hwang



Springer 2014

Table of Contents


5 High efficiency video coding (HEVC) Error: Reference source not found

ABSTRACT Error: Reference source not found

5.1 Introduction: Error: Reference source not found

5.2 Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC) Error: Reference source not found

Table of Contents 1

5 High efficiency video coding (HEVC) 13

ABSTRACT 13

5.1Introduction: 13

5.2Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC) 13

5.3Analysis of coding tools in HEVC Test Model, HM 1.0 – Intra prediction 24

5.4HEVC Encoder 25



5.4.1Intra prediction 31

5.4.2Transform coefficient scanning 33

5.4.3Luma and chroma fractional pixel interpolation 34

5.4.4Comparison of coding tools of HM1 and HEVC draft 9 35

5.5Extensions to HEVC 36

5.6Profiles and levels 36

5.7Performance and computational complexity of HEVC encoders 37

5.8System layer integration of HEVC 38

5.9HEVC lossless coding and improvements [E86] 38

5.10Summary 40

5.11Projects 45



P.5.250 See [E382] This paper explains clearly the fully pipelined architecture for intra prediction in HEVC and achieves a high throughput of 4 pels per clock cycle. It can decode 3840x2160 videos at 30 fps. In the conclusions the authors state “in the future work, we plan to implement the proposed architecture on ASIC platform to increase the system frequency, aiming at achieving real-time video decoding of higher resolution(higher than 4K videos)”. Explore this. 89

P.5.254 See [E384]. After describing the mosaic videos with arbitrary color filter arrays (Fig. 1), the authors propose a novel chroma subsampling strategy (4:2:0 format) for compressing mosaic videos in H.264/AVC and HEVC. They claim that this strategy has the best quality and bitrate compared with previous schemes. 89

H.264 Advance Video Coding (AVC)/ MPEG-4 Part 10 REFERENCES 92

Books on H.264 : 98

H.264 Standard, JM SOFTWARE 99

HEVC (High Efficiency Video Coding) / NGVC (Next Generation Video Coding) References 102

Software repository; Scalable extensions of HEVC 117

Build System 118

Software Structure 118

TS22 http://www3.americanradiology.com/pls/web1/wwimggal.vmg 148

IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems (JETCAS) 151

SUBJECTIVE EVALUATON OF COMPRESSION ALGORITHMS AND STANDARDS 154

SE14 ITU-R BT2022 (2012) General viewing conditions for subjective assessment of quality of SDTV and HDTV television pictures on at panel displays. International Telecommunication Union. 156

SE15 ITU-R BT500-13 (2012) Methodology for the subjective assessment of the quality of television pictures. International Telecommunication Union. 156

BOOKS ON HEVC 157

Overview Papers: 158

Tutorials: 159

ON LINE COURSES (OLC) 165

OLC1. Video Lecture on Digital Voice and Picture Communication by Prof. S. Sengupta, Department of Electronics and Electrical Communication Engineering IIT Kharagpur -> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tm4C2ZFd3zE 165

Open Source Software : 165

X265 Source code 167

vTune amplifier by Intel 168

General 168

REFERENCES ON SSIM 170

VP8, VP9, VP10 : 174

JPEG 2000: 178

Digital Cinema 180

JPEG 2000 related work 180

JPSearch 181

JPEG-LS: 186

JPEG: 187

JPEG XT 188

JPEG XT Projects: 191



PNG 194

DIRAC (BBC) 195

DAALA 197

Daala video compression 197

Daala is the code-name for a new video compression technology. The effort is a collaboration between Mozilla Foundation, Xiph.Org Foundation and other contributors. 197

The goal of the project is to provide a free to implement, use and distribute digital media format and reference implementation with technical performance superior to h.265. 197

Technology demos 198

Next generation video: Introducing Daala 198

Introducing Daala part 2: Frequency Domain Intra Prediction 198

Introducing Daala part 3: Time/Frequency Resolution Switching 198

Introducing Daala part 4: Chroma from Luma 198

Daala: Painting Images For Fun (and Profit?) 198

Daala: Perceptual Vector Quantization (PVQ) 198

MD1. I. Irondi, Q. wang and C. Grecos, “Subjective evaluation of H.265/HEVC based dynamic adaptive video streaming over HTTP (HEVC-DASH), SPIE-IS&T Electronic Imaging, vol.9400, p. 94000B (session: real-time image and video processing), 2015. 199

AVS China: 200

References on Screen Content Coding 203

BEYOND HEVC: 208

Projects on BEYOND HEVC: 208

Post – HEVC activity 211

Scope 216


Legacy Codec………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………….….196

PSNRAVG........................................................................................................................................ 196 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................ 196

ACRONYMS

2D Two dimension

3D Three dimension

AAC Advanced Audio Coding

ACM MoVid Association for Computer Machinery Mobile Video

ACQP Adaptive Chroma Quantization Parameter

AHG Ad Hoc Groups

AI All Intra

AR Augmented Reality

AIF Adaptive Interpolation Filter

ALF Adaptive Loop Filter

AMVP Advanced Motion Vector Prediction

AOM Alliance for Open Media

APIF Adaptive Pre-Interpolation Filter

APSIPA Asia Pacific Signal and Information Processing Association

ARM Advanced RISC Machines

ASIC Application-Specific Integrated Circuit

ASIP Application Specific Instruction Set Processor

ASO Arbitrary Slice Order

ATR Average Time Reduction

ATSC Advanced Television Systems Committee

AVC Advanced Video Coding—the official MPEG name is ISO/IEC 14496-10--MPEG-4 Part 10,

and ITU-T name is ITU-T H.264

AVS Audio Video Standard

AU Access Unit

BBC British Broadcasting Corporation


BCBR Block-composed background reference

BD Bjontegaard Delta

BH Beyond HEVC

BL Base Layer

BLA Broken Link Access

bpp Bits per pixel

BRISQUE Blind/reference less image spatial quality evaluator

BS Boundary Strength

BSTM Butterfly Style Transform Matrices

BV Block vector

BVP Block vector prediction

CABAC Context Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding

CAVLC Context-adaptive variable-length coding

CCP Cross Component prediction

CE Consumer Electronics, Core Experiment

CfE Call for Evidence

CfP Call for Proposal

CI Confidence Interval

COFDM Co-orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

CPU Central Processing Unit

CRA Clean Random Access

CRA Clean Random Access

CRI Color Remapping Information

CSVT Circuits and Systems for Video Technology

CTC Common Test Conditions

CU Coding Unit

CU Coding Unit

CUDA Compute Unified Device Architecture

CWWSSIM Complex-Wavelet Structural Similarity Index

DASH Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP

DATE Design, automation and test in Europe

DCC Data Compression Conference

DCT Discrete Cosine Transform

DCTIF Discrete Cosine Transform Interpolation Filters

DDCT Directional Discrete Cosine Transform

DF Deblocking Filter

DIP Digital Image Processing

DiOR Digital Operating Room

DIQA Document Image Quality Assessment

DMB Digital Multimedia Broadcasting

DMVD Decoder side Motion Vector Derivation

DPCM Differential Pulse Code Modulation

DR DIRAC (BBC)

DSC Display Stream Compression

DSCQS Double Stimulus Continuous Quality Scale

DSIS Double Stimulus Impairment Scale

DSP Digital Signal Processing

DSIS Double Stimulus Impairment Scale

DST Digital Sine Transform

DTM Directional Template Matching

DTT Discrete TChebichef Transform

DTV Digital Television

DVB-H Digital Video Broadcasting - Handheld

EBU European Broadcasting Union

EC Error Concealment

EE Electrical Engineering

EGK Exp. Golomb Kth order

EI Electronic Imaging

EL Enhancement Layer

EPFL Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

ETRI Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute

EURASIP European Association for Signal Processing

FCDR False contour detection and removal

FDAM Final Draft Amendment

FDIS Final Draft International Standard

FF File Format

FIR Finite Impulse Response

FMO Flexible Macroblock Ordering

FPGA Field Programmable Gate Array

fps Frames per second

GPU Graphics Processing Unit

HD High Definition

HDR High Dynamic Range

HDTV High Definition Television

HE-AAC High Efficiency Advanced Audio Coder

HEIF High Efficiency Image File Format

HEVC High efficiency video coding—the official MPEG name is ISO/IEC 23008-2 MPEG-H

Part 2 and ITU-T name is ITU-T H.265

HEVStream High Efficiency Video Stream

HHI Heinrich Hertz Institute

HLS High Level Syntax

HM HEVC Test Model

HOR Horizontal

HP High Profile

HTTP Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

IASTED International Association of Science and Technology for Development

IBC Intra Block Copy

ICASSP International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing

ICCE International Conference on Consumer Electronics

ICIEA IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications

ICIP International Conference on Image Processing

ICME International Conference on Multimedia and Expo

ICPC International Conference on Pervasive Computing

ICPR International Conference on Pattern Recognition

IDR Intra Decoding Refresh

IEC International Electrotechnical Commission

IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

ILR Inter Layer Interference

INTDCT Integer Discrete Cosine Transform

intra HE Intra High Efficiency

IPTV Internet Protocol Television

IQA Quality assessment for images

IS & T Information Systems and Technology

ISCAS International Symposium on Circuits and Systems

ISCCSP International Symposium on Communications, Control and Signal Processing

ISDB-T Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting - Terrestrial

ISO International Organization for Standardization

ISOBMFF ISO Based Media File Format

ITS International Telecommunication Symposium

ITU-T Telecommunication Standardization Sector of the International Telecommunications

Union


IVC Internet Video Coding

IVMSP Image, Video, and Multidimensional Signal Processing

J2K JPEG 2000

JCI JND- based compressed image

JCTVC Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding

JEM Joint Exploration Model

JLS JPEG-LS

JND Just Noticeable Distortion

JM Joint Model

JMKTA JM Key Technology Areas

JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group

JPEG-XR JPEG extended range

JSVM Joint Scalable Video Model

JTC Joint Technical Committee

JVCIR Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation

JVT Joint Video Team

JXR JPEG-XR

JXT JPEG- XT

KTA Key Technology Areas

LAR-LLC Locally-adaptive Resolution Lossless low-complexity

LD Low Delay

LDB Low Delay with B pictures

LDP Low Delay with P pictures

LR Low Resolution

LS Lossless (near lossless)

LSC Layer segmentation based coding

L-SEABI Low complexity back projected interpolation

M.S. Masters

MANE Media – Aware Network Element

Mbit/s Megabit per second

MC Motion Compensation

MCL Media Communication Lab

MDDCT Modified Directional Discrete Cosine Transform

MDDT Mode-Dependent Directional Transform

ME Motion Estimation

MJPEG Motion JPEG

MMSP Multimedia Signal Processing

MOMS Maximal-Order interpolation with Minimal Support

MOS Mean Opinion Score

MPEG Moving Picture Experts Group—the official ISO name is ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/Working

Group 11.

Mpixel Megapixel

Mpm Most Probable Modes

MRSE Mean Root Square Error

MSP Main Still Profile

MV Motion Vector

MVC Multi View Coding

NAB National Association of Broadcasters

NAL Network Abstraction Layer

NGBT Next Generation Broadcast Television

NGVC Next Generation Video Coding

NIQA Natural image quality assessment

NUH NAL Unit Header

NTT Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation

OP Overview Papers

OR Outlier ratio

OSS Open Source Software

PCM Pulse Code Modulation

PCS Picture Coding Symposium

PCoIP PC over IP

PLCC Pearson linear correlation coefficient

PPS Picture Parameter Set

PSNR Peak-to-peak signal to noise ratio

PU Prediction Unit

PVC Perceptual Video Coding

QOE Quality of Experience

QP Quantizer parameter

RA Random Access

RADL Random Access Decodable

RASL Random Access Skipped

RD Rate Distortion

RDOQ Rate-distortion optimized quantization

RDPCM Residual Differential Pulse Code Modulation

RDH Reversible Data Hiding

RICT Recursive Integer Cosine Transform

RL Reference Layer

RMHD Real Media HD

RMVB Real Media Variable Bitrate

ROI Region of interest

ROT Rotational Transform

RTC Real Time Communications

RTP Real-time Transport Protocol

RQT Residual Quad Tree

SAO Sample adaptive offset

SC Sub Committee

SC Stimulus Comparison

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition

SCC Screen Content Coding

SCM Screen content coding test module

SDCT Steerable Discrete Cosine Transform

SDR Standard Dynamic Range

SDSCE Simultaneous Double Stimulus Continuous Evaluation

SE Subjective Evaluation

SEI Supplemental Enhancement Information

SELC Sample based weighted prediction for Enhancement Layer Coding SG Study Group

SHV Super Hi-Vision

SHVC Scalable High Efficiency Video Coding

SI Switching I

SIQA Screen image quality assessment

SIMD Single Instruction Multiple Data

SIP Signal and Image Processing

SMPTE Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers

SoC System on Chip

SHV Super Hi- Vision

SHVC Scalable HEVC

SP Switching P

SPA Signal Processing: Algorithms, Architectures, Arrangements, and Applications

SPEC Shape primitive extraction and coding

SPL Special

SPS Sequence parameter set

Spl H Special Issues on HEVC

SPIE Society of Photo-Optical and Instrumentation Engineers

SR Super Resolution

SROCC Spearman Rank Order Correlation

SS Single Stimulus

SSCQE Single Stimulus Continuous Quality Evaluation

SSIM Structural Similarity

SSST Southeastern Symposium on System Theory

SSVC Spatially Scalable Video Coding

SVC Scalable Video Coding

SWP Sample-based weighted prediction

TB Transform Block

TE Tool Experiment

TS Test Sequence, Transport Stream

TSM Transform skip mode

TENTM Tandberg, Ericsson and Nokia Test Model

TMuC Test Model under Consideration

TMVP Temporal Motion Vector Prediction

TMO Tone Mapping Operator

TSA Temporal Sub-layer Access

TU Transform Unit

Tut Tutorial

TX Texas

TZSearch Test Zone Search

UHD Ultra High Definition

UHDTV Ultra High Definition Television

UTA University of Texas at Arlington

VC Video Coding

VCB Video Coding for Browsers

VCEG Visual Coding Experts Group-he official ITU name is ITU-T/SG 16/Q.6- t

VCIP Visual Communications and Image Processing

VCIR Visual Communication and Image Representation

VDP Visible difference predictor

VER Vertical

VESA Video Electronics Standards Association

ViMSSIM Video modified Structural Similarity

VLSI Very Large Scale Integrated circuit

VPS Video Parameter Set

VQA Video Quality Assessment

VQE Video Quality Experience

VQEG Video Quality Experts Group

VSB Vestigial Sideband

VUI Video Usability Information

WCG Wide Color Gamut

WD Working Draft

WG Working group

WCG Wide Color Gamut

WQVGA Wide Quarter Video Graphics Array

WSIs Whole slide images

WVC Web Video Coding

WVGA Wide Video Graphics Array

YCbCr Y is the Brightness (luma), Cb is blue minus luma (B-Y) and Cr is red minus luma (R-Y)



# of references and # of projects for each category.

Sl. no

Subject

# of References

# of Projects

1

High efficiency video coding (HEVC)

397

272

2

H.264/AVC

77

-

3

Subjective Evaluation (SE)


21

3

4

Encryption of HEVC (EH)

1

1

5

VP 8,9,10 (Google)

16

5

6

JPEG2000

25

2

7

JPEG-XR

10

1

8

JPEG-LS

9

1

9

JPEG

9

5

10

JPEG-XT

11

8

11

JPEG Pleno

2

2

12

Locally-adaptive Resolution Lossless low-complexity (LAR-LLC)

-

6

13

DIRAC (BBC)

12

3

14

DAALA (Mozilla & other contributors)

4

3

15

MPEG-DASH

1

1

16

Advanced Video Standard (AVS)

15

7

17

Thor Video Codec (Cisco)

1

4

18

Beyond HEVC

4

19

19

AV1 Codec (Alliance for Open Media - AOM)

1

6

20

Real Media High Definition (Real Networks)

-

1

21

Video Coding 2 (VC2) (SMPTE)

-

3

22

Legacy Codec

1

1



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