levels. It could include the following themes among others: the changing
environment; and environmental politics/movements. With specific
and social and environmental impact of development projects.
1. It may be of interest to note that the hostility of 'green' writers to socialism tends to
Europe. The Marxist tradition is widely condemned for its 'productivist' values. A
transcending the whole traditional opposition of left and right in politics. Both are
seen to be dedicated to industrial growth, to the expansion of the means of
production, to materialistic ethnic as the best means of meeting people's needs, and to
unimpeded technological development. For an ecologist, the debate between the
protagonists of capitalism and communism is irrelevant.
ecology is not obvious but has to be forced are B. Commoner, Andre Gorz, R. Bahro.
Attempts have also been made to synthesise ecology with other political perspectives
the former view whereas the classic work by Carolyn Merchant represents the latter
view(Benton 1989:52).
2. Philip Lowe and David Morrison highlight the role of mass media in popularising
environmental issues. The media have responded so enthusiastically due to the
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overly moral as opposed to political nature of the arguments raised. Though
environmental protests do not necessarily express complaint against capitalist
system, it is often a complaint against capital's performance and has the potential to
become a full blown attack against capitalism. They highlight the role of the media
in providing information critical of industrialism, to question science's achievements
and thus raise doubts about industrial structures which science iegitimates(Lowe and
Morrison 1984:75).
3. Bob Sutcliffe suggests that the two terms 'human' and 'sustainable development'
can be combined into 'sustainable human development'. 'Human Development'
means a process of social and economic change whose main motive is to produce a
radical improvement in the material and cultural standard of living of people now
suffering deprivation. "Sustainable development' can be defined as changes in
human materials activities which radically lessen the depletion of non-renewable
resources and the harmful pollution of the environment, which lengthens the time
over which human material needs can be met. Sutcliffe develops an argument that
there is no logical reason why these two should not be combined(Sutcliffe
1995:244).
References
Agarwal, Bina. 1986. Cold hearths and barren slopes: The woodfuel crisis in the Third
World. Delhi: Allied Publishers.
Agarwal, Bina. 1991. Engendering the environment debate: Lessons from the Indian
subcontinent. CASID distinguished speaker series No.8. Michigan: Michigan
State University.
Agarwal, Bina. 1997. 'Environment action, gender equity and women's participation',
Development and Change, 28.
Arnold, David and Ramchandra Guha(eds.). 1994. Nature, culture, imperialism: Essays
in the environmental history of South Asia. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Baviskar, Amita. 1995. In the belly of the river: Tribal conflict over development in the
Narmada Valley. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Beck, Ulrich. 1992. Risk society: Towards a new modernity. London: Sage Publications.
Beck, Ulrich. 1995. Ecological politics in an age of risk. London: Sage Publications.
Benton, Ted. 1989. 'Marxism and natural limits: An ecological critique and
reconstruction', New Left Review, No. 178.
Berreman, Gerald. 1989. 'Chipko: A movement to save the Himalayan environment and
people' in CM. Borden(ed.). Contemporary Indian traditions: Voices on culture,
nature and the challenge of change. Washington: Smithsonian.
Centre for Science and Education. 1982. The state of India's environment: A citizen's
report. New Delhi.
Centre for Science and Education. 1985. The state of India's environment: A second
citizen's report. New Delhi.
Chopra, Kanchan, Gopal Kadekodi and M.N. Murty. 1989.
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