A thematic heritage study on australia’s benevolent and other care institutions thematic Study



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A THEMATIC HERITAGE STUDY ON AUSTRALIA’S BENEVOLENT AND OTHER CARE INSTITUTIONS

Thematic Study


© Copyright Commonwealth of Australia, 2016

A thematic heritage study on Australia’s benevolent and other care institutions – Thematic Study is licensed by the Commonwealth of Australia for use under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Australia licence with the exception of the Coat of Arms of the Commonwealth of Australia, the logo of the agency responsible for publishing the report, content supplied by third parties, and any images depicting people. For licence conditions see: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

This report should be attributed as A Thematic Heritage Study on Australia’s Benevolent and Other Care Institutions – Thematic Study, Commonwealth of Australia, 2016

The Commonwealth of Australia has made all reasonable efforts to identify content supplied by third parties using the following format ‘© Copyright, [name of third party]’

Disclaimer

The views and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Australian Government or the Minister for the Environment.

While reasonable efforts have been made to ensure that the contents of this publication are factually correct, the Commonwealth does not accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the contents, and shall not be liable for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of, or reliance on, the contents of this publication.

Acknowledgements

Australian Government Department of the Environment

This report has been produced with funding provided by the Australian Government.

Australian Heritage Council

This report has been produced for the purpose of assisting the Australian Heritage Council in its work
to assess places for inclusion in Australia’s National Heritage List.

Context Pty Ltd

The work to produce the contents of this report was undertaken by Context Pty Ltd. The project team produced the thematic heritage study in accordance with a scoping brief provided by the Australian Government.

Project team members include:

Louise Honman

Dr Georgia Melville

Jill Barnard – author, history essay

Dr Anita Smith – advisor



Information

If you have found material in this heritage study distressing because of your past connections with benevolent institutions assistance can be found by contacting one of these services Respect 1800 737 732 or Adults Surviving Child Abuse on 1300 657 380.


Foreword


The Australian Heritage Council is pleased to publish this thematic study for places associated with Australia’s welfare heritage.

Unlike places which have heritage value because of their architectural or scientific characteristics, places which include benevolent or other care institutions are expected to be valued because of their human stories and their consequential impact both on individuals and on families and wider communities.

This study has informed the Council’s consideration of the heritage value of benevolent institutions and the setting of the Council’s work plan for assessing places for possible inclusion on the National Heritage List.

The study of benevolent and other care institutions in the context of Australia’s welfare history is a complex story. It reveals a past that presents the best and worst of us. There are positive stories of well-intentioned assistance and other stories that are more confronting. The history does, however, reflect our society’s recognition of the need to protect and provide for the vulnerable and disadvantaged.

During the early colonial period in Australia, a system of care was informed by British attitudes and shaped by a concern that limited resources should not be given to those who were able bodied or ‘undeserving’. In eighteenth century Britain every ‘decent’ man was expected to provide for himself and his family.

A system of qualification for assistance according to whether a person was ‘deserving’ or ‘un-deserving’ began to shift in response to the challenges faced by colonial authorities. The harsh realities of a remote colony meant that, in practice, the needs of the population as a whole needed to be taken into consideration as the colony faced starvation, extreme remoteness and a lack of social and built infrastructure.

The social impact of the economic depressions of the 1890s and the 1930s caused another shift in approach. Both public and private systems of care were clearly overwhelmed by the impacts of economic depression. Governments began to provide financial support directly to individuals.

These changes were also informed by other political and social reform movements. In the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century Australia was recognised worldwide as a social laboratory working towards the adoption of new social ideas such as the introduction of the aged pension, female suffrage and the eight hour day.

Looking back on history we can see more clearly the mistakes that have been made. Our understanding of the causes of disadvantage has also developed. A clear example of this is our improved understanding of mental health and illness. Recent national apologies to the Forgotten Australians and former child migrants and Australia’s Stolen Generations of Indigenous Australians has also provided recognition of past trauma and damaging or misapplied policies.

A Thematic Heritage Study on Australia’s Benevolent and Other Care Institutions is a first step towards providing a better understanding of the heritage of places associated with this theme.

Dr Carmen Lawrence
Chair, Australian Heritage Council


June 2016

Contents


Introduction 7

Course and pattern of welfare history 13

1788–1850 Convict era 13

Ideas, attitudes and beliefs 13

Major trends and influences of the period 13

Recipients of welfare 14

Providers of welfare 19

1850–1890 Charity and asylums 23

Ideas, attitudes and beliefs 23

Major trends and influences of the period 23

Recipients of welfare 24

Providers of welfare 35

1890–1940 Depression and war and the beginnings of Commonwealth welfare provision 38

Major trends and influences of the period 38

Ideas, attitudes and beliefs 39

Recipients of welfare 40

Providers of welfare 46

1940–1972 Post-World War II and the role of the state in social security 49

Ideas, attitudes and beliefs 49

Major trends and influences of the period 50

Recipients of welfare 50

Providers of welfare 56

1972–2001 New movements 58

Attitudes, ideas and beliefs 58

Major trends and influences of the period 59

Recipients of welfare 60

Providers of welfare 62



Concluding remarks 64

National threads and voices 64

Reflections 66

Next steps 67



Bibliography 69

Books 69


Articles 70

ADB entries 71

Papers 71

Theses 71

Journals 71

Reports 71

Websites and databases 72

Appendixes 73

Appendix 1 73

Thresholds and Indicators

Appendix 2 89

Places referred to in the text

Appendix 3 95

National Thematic Framework


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