Analytic (Isolating)

Analytic (Isolating)

• Analytic (Isolating)

• use unattached, separate morphemes

• no prefixes or suffixes

• (examples written in the International Phonetic Alphabet)

• from The Language Files by Ohio State U. (2004)

Analytic (Isolating)

• Analytic (Isolating)

• use isolated morphemes

• no prefixes or suffixes

• e.g., Mandarin Chinese

• [wø m\n tan tçin l\ ]

• I PL. play piano PAST

• ‘We played the piano.’

Synthetic

• Synthetic

• - Agglutinating

• - Fusional

• - Polysynthetic

Synthetic

• Synthetic

• - Agglutinating

• • affixes easily separated from base

• • each one has generally one meaning

Synthetic

• Synthetic

• - Agglutinating

• e.g., Hungarian

• [ø se:k- ´d ø ha:z-unk-bøn vøn]

• the chair-your the house-our- in is

• ‘Your chair is in our house.’

Synthetic

• Synthetic

• - Fusional

• • affixes fused by phonological

• processes

• • not easily separated into separate

• forms or meanings

Synthetic

• Synthetic

• - Fusional

• e.g., Russian

• [tßita- j´t]

• read- 3/SG/PRES.

• ‘S/he is reading.’

Synthetic

• Synthetic

• - Polysynthetic

• • several stems and affixes combined into one word

• • usually a verb + nouns

• • may = a whole sentence

Synthetic

• Synthetic

• - Polysynthetic

• e.g., Sora (India)

• [µ´n - \dΩ- dΩa- dar- si- \m ]

• I not receive cooked-rice hand you(sg.)

• ‘I will not receive cooked rice from your hands.’

Create (based on internal resources)

• Create (based on internal resources)

• Beg, borrow, steal?

• English is very accepting of new words.

• Word formation processes (WFP)

Derivational Inflectional

• Derivational Inflectional

• unfaxable faxed

• misfax faxes

• faxing

(also called Conversion)

• (also called Conversion)

• Noun > Derived Verb
• father father
• butter
• ship
• nail

Verb > Derived Noun subjéct súbject

• Verb > Derived Noun subjéct súbject
• contést cóntest
• survéy súrvey

• recórd récord

(may be with or without space or hyphen;

• (may be with or without space or hyphen;

• note characteristic shift to first syllable stress)

• fire + fly / / > firefly / \

• lady + bug > ladybug

• air + conditioner > air conditioner

• self+determination > self-determination

• black + board > blackboard

(Note that class of word does not change: a Noun stays a Noun.)

• (Note that class of word does not change: a Noun stays a Noun.)

• taxicabriolet > taxi, cab

• professor > prof

• mathematics > math

(pronounceable; contrast with alphabetic intitalizations: USA, RCA, IBM)

• (pronounceable; contrast with alphabetic intitalizations: USA, RCA, IBM)

• NASA

• NATO

• radar

• sonar

• scuba

NASA: National Aeronautics & Space

• NASA: National Aeronautics & Space

• Administration

• NATO: North Atlantic Treaty

• Organization

• radar: RAdio Detection And Ranging

• sonar: SOund Naviation And Ranging

• scuba: Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus

smoke + fog > smog

• smoke + fog > smog

• breakfast + lunch > brunch

• “portmanteau” words from Lewis Carroll:

• gyre, gimble

• chortle < chuckle + snort

(based on analogy, “folk etymology”: assumption that a shorter morpheme is contained within a longer word; usually a change of category)

• (based on analogy, “folk etymology”: assumption that a shorter morpheme is contained within a longer word; usually a change of category)

• revision : revise ::

• television : _____

enthusiasm > enthuse

• enthusiasm > enthuse

• donation > donate

• editor > edit

• orientation > orient

• (Brit. orientate)

• (Note: problem with current speakers: not knowing history of words)

(iconic sounds; “Batman words”)

• (iconic sounds; “Batman words”)

• whoosh

• bang

• buzz

• splat

Cross-linguistic onomatopoeias

• Cross-linguistic onomatopoeias

• Ideophone/phonosemantic

(irregular paradigm)

• (irregular paradigm)

• go, went (not goed)

(irregular paradigm)

• (irregular paradigm)

• go, went (not goed)

• < past tense of wend

• am, is, are, was, were

beri-beri, Walla Walla

• beri-beri, Walla Walla

• (but note more frequent change of one+ vowel or consonant sound in English)

• hum-drum, mumbo-jumbo

• helter-skelter, see-saw

• Caesar > kaiser, czar (tzar)

• boycott

• lynch

• watt

• guppy

(n.) A narrow port or passage in the rink or course, flanked by the stones of previous players.

• (n.) A narrow port or passage in the rink or course, flanked by the stones of previous players.

• (n.) A street; a village; a castle; a dwelling; a place of work, or exercise of authority; -- now obsolete except in composition; as, bailiwick, Warwick, Greenwick.

• (see especially product names)

• Kodak

• Exxon

• Brillo

• Jello

ham-burger (compare cheese-burger, taco-burger...)

• ham-burger (compare cheese-burger, taco-burger...)

• -aholic

• -gate

• -scam

(replacement of one V or C for another)

• (replacement of one V or C for another)

• Verb > Derived Noun

• abide

• sell

• breathe

• sing/sang/sung

(replacement of one V or C for another)

• (replacement of one V or C for another)

• Verb > Derived Noun

• abide abode

• sell sale

• breathe breath

• sing/sang/sung song

• uncouth (no couth)

• inept (no ept)

• unkempt (no kempt)

(from foreign languages; sounds often nativized to English pronunciation rules)

• (from foreign languages; sounds often nativized to English pronunciation rules)

• rouge, hors d’oeuvres

• tornado, taco

• vodka

• dandelion (from Fr. dents de lion)