Definition and Characteristics



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tarix08.04.2018
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Definition and Characteristics

  • Definition and Characteristics

    • Distributed Systems Models
    • Autonomic Systems
    • Digital Ecosystems
  • Cyberspace and Digital Ecosystem(s)

    • Use case – Emerging Applications
    • Multi-scale Ego-centric Ubiquitous Digital Ecosystem
    • Security and Privacy Issues




IT industry, Economy, Business

  • IT industry, Economy, Business

  • SOA, Software Engineering

  • Networks and Information Systems

  • For us: Distributed Collaborative Systems



Client-Server (typically, the Web)

  • Client-Server (typically, the Web)

  • Peer-to-Peer (typically Bittorent and file sharing systems)

  • Grid (typically, the CERN LCG)

  • Mobile agents

  • Variants → Course on large scale computing



Traditional models fail to model and implement highly dynamic loosely supervised distributed systems

  • Traditional models fail to model and implement highly dynamic loosely supervised distributed systems

  • Alternative models

    • autonomic computing → focus on autonomy and coordination
    • cloud computing → re-centralize everything
    • pervasive/ubiquitous computing → focus on user context
    • Internet of Things → focus on interoperability
    • digital ecosystems → an holistic vision


Autonomic Computing [Horn, 2001; Parashar and Hariri, 2005]

  • Autonomic Computing [Horn, 2001; Parashar and Hariri, 2005]

    • analogy with the nervous system – notion of equilibrium
    • observation: emerging systems and applications are dynamic
    • survivability of the system  the system can adapt to environment changes (incl. attacks, faults, disruptions…)
    • basic operation loop of an autonomic system: Monitor-Decide-Adapt
      • sense / monitor the environment (context discovery), and analyze the context
      • plan a knowledge-based adaptation of the system (decision making)
      • execute the change
    • context- and self-awareness




Autonomic Computing [Horn, 2001; Parashar and Hariri, 2005] (cont’d): characteristics/properties of a generic autonomic system

  • Autonomic Computing [Horn, 2001; Parashar and Hariri, 2005] (cont’d): characteristics/properties of a generic autonomic system

    • Self Configuring
    • Self Optimizing
    • Self-Healing
    • Self Protecting
    • Context Aware
    • Open
    • Anticipatory
    • Proactive


  • Digital Ecosystems (Distributed Collaborative Systems) [Boley et al., 2007; Damiani and his group @ Milan]

    • “A digital ecosystem can be defined as an open, loosely coupled, domain clustered, demand-driven, self-organizing agent environment, where each agent of each species is proactive and responsive regarding its own benefit/profit but is also responsible to its system.” (Boley and Chang, 2007)


Digital Ecosystems: Main Characteristics

  • Digital Ecosystems: Main Characteristics

    • Loose coupling - Personal Engagement
    • Equilibrium – Interdependence - Balance
    • Local Interactions  Global Behavior
    • Self-organization – Autonomy - No Central or Distributed Control
    • Adaptation to the Environment – Dynamicity – Evolutionary System
    • Collective (Swarm) Intelligence – Structured Relationship - Responsibility
    • Openness - Multiplicity of Ecosystems (cf. human social life)


Digital Ecosystems: Main Characteristics (cont’d)

  • Digital Ecosystems: Main Characteristics (cont’d)

    • Cooperation – Collective/Swarm Intelligence
      • cf. bees, ants, dolphins…
      • swarm is a set of agents that can interact and that share a common interest
      • collective problem solving
    • Communication  System Semantics
    • DE => need of shared explicit formal semantics (formal languages)
    • Link with some characteristics of the semantic Web
    • A new way of designing/thinking distributed systems and applications
    • Related to autonomic computing




You are always connected to the cyberspace, you can access your data everywhere

  • You are always connected to the cyberspace, you can access your data everywhere

  • No more money, no more theatre tickets, no more boarding card, no more printed newspaper, no more books, no more music CDs (but still administrative papers, don’t dream too much)

  • Your car (sometimes) drives for you

  • You live in a (fairly? rather?) smart home

  • You participate in multiple digital social networks (incl. online games)

  • Your browser is proactive

  • There are digital services everywhere – The city is “smart”

  • ICT is at last pervasive: digital services adapt their behavior to you and your environment (e.g., location, preferences, profile, activity...)



You are always connected to the cyber space, you can access your data everywhere

  • You are always connected to the cyber space, you can access your data everywhere

  • → mobile Internet (3G/4G), clouds (reality)

  • No more money, no more theatre tickets, no more boarding card, no more printed newspaper, no more books, no more music CDs

    • → smartphone, NFC, RFID tags (reality)
  • Your car (sometimes) drives for you

    • → Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) (partial –
    • active development)
  • You live in a (a fairly? Rather?) smart home

    • → Internet of Things (IoT) @home (not yet a reality)


  • You participate in multiple digital social networks (incl. online games)

    • → It is not the future, but the everyday life (reality)
  • Your browser is proactive

    • → Recommendation systems (more and more true –
    • still active development
    • (e.g., FP7 EEXCESS project)
  • There are digital services everywhere

    • → IoT, O2O, M2M, H2M (more and more true in
    • manufacturing, not true for citizens)
  • ICT is at last pervasive: digital services adapt their behavior to you and your environment (e.g., location)

    • → context-aware services, location-based service, ambient intelligence, ambient social networks… (more and more true – still active
    • development)




Ego-centric

  • Ego-centric

    • focus on the user’s interactions with her/his environment(s)
    • personalization – context-awareness
  • Ubiquitous

    • mobility
    • simultaneous interactions with multiple ecosystems
  • Multi-scale

    • comprise entities (typically, services) of totally different nature, origin and operational characteristics
    • from an embedded “thing” to a public cloud
    • integration of data, information, knowledge from all sources
    • huge mass of information
  • Digital Ecosystem

    • see above


Seamless “weaved into the fabric of everyday life”

  • Seamless “weaved into the fabric of everyday life”

  • “Graceful integration”

  • Transparency of the “cyber infrastructure” (“vanish in the background”)

  • User-centric

  • Conclusion: hard to imagine in 1991 – realistic as an objective for the next decade





You are the hub and the source of information

  • You are the hub and the source of information

  •  (supposed to be) sensitive personal information

  • Data exchanges, dissemination of information between multiple ecosystems with various security and privacy characteristics

    •  un-alignment of security/privacy policies
    •  sensitive information leakage
  • You do not control, worse do not actually know, the environment

    •  Uncertainty
    •  Dynamicity
    •  Unpredictability
    •  Absence of trust, Anonymity
  • Big Brother can watch you, now!

    •  Your everyday life is seamlessly weaved into the cyberspace fabric: you are traced
    •  The cyberspace does not forget: traces cannot be deleted
    •  The storage and processing capacities are almost unlimited: your traces are/can be mined
  • See course on these issues



New technologies enable / need / argue for new models, new designs

  • New technologies enable / need / argue for new models, new designs

  • Whatever the model, some basic features

    • Autonomy
    • Collaboration
    • User-Centricity
    • Integration
    • Context-Awareness
    • Mobility
  • Digital ecosystems provide a holistic vision of emerging digital environments

  • Some still largely open issues, esp. regarding interoperability

    • The cyberspace as a digital ecosystem is the Babel Tower
  • A fantastic, however in some way dreadful set of opportunities for new applications



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