National Security



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National Security

  • National Security

  • Decision Making Structure




Department of Defense

  • Department of Defense

  • US Air Force

  • Joint Chiefs of Staff

  • Central Intelligence Agency

  • National Security Council



State Dept home page

  • State Dept home page

  • Organization

  • Embassies

  • Careers

  • Nations (includes

  • background notes)



  • http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/rls/dos/99494.htm



The Pentagon

  • The Pentagon



  • http://odam.defense.gov/omp/Functions/Organizational_Portfolios/Organization_and_Functions_Guidebook.html





Chain of Command

  • Chain of Command



DoD Organization

  • DoD Organization

  • The Department of Defense

  • The Office of the Secretary of Defense

  • Joint Chiefs of Staff

    • JCS Structure
  • United States Army

  • United States Navy

    • Navy Structure
  • United States Marine Corps

  • United States Air Force

  • Unified Command Plan

  • Defense Intelligence Agency

  • National Security Agency (NSA)

  • Defense Science Board publications









Intelligence Reform and Terrorist Prevention Act of 2004

  • Intelligence Reform and Terrorist Prevention Act of 2004





Director of National Intelligence (2005)

  • Director of National Intelligence (2005)

    • ODNI Structure
    • DNI National Intelligence Strategy (2005)
    • National Intelligence Council
  • National Reconnaissance Office (NRO)

  • President’s Intelligence Advisory Board (PIAB).

  • Central Intelligence Agency (1947)

    • World Factbook
    • CIA list of World Leaders and Cabinet Members of Foreign Governments
    • CIA-sponsored page of links on intelligence issues
    • Freedom of Information Act details for CIA documents


Secretary of Homeland Security

  • Secretary of Homeland Security

  • Structure



House Armed Services Committee

    • House Armed Services Committee
    • House Committee on Foreign Affairs
    • House Select Committee on Homeland Security
    • House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence
    • Senate Committee on Armed Services
    • Senate Committee on Foreign Relations
    • Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Government Affairs
    • Senate Select Committee on Intelligence
    • Congressional Budget Office (CBO)
    • Government Accountability Office (GAO)
    • CRS Reports through the Federation of American Scientists


Coordination among agencies/departments

  • Coordination among agencies/departments

  • Interagency Process



Members of NSC

  • Members of NSC

  • President

  • Vice President

  • Secretary of State

  • Secretary of Defense

  • Secretary of Energy (added 2007)

  • Any others the President wishes to add

  • Advisors to NSC

  • Chair JCS

  • DNI



LBJ: NSAM 341

  • LBJ: NSAM 341

  • Nixon: NSDM 1, NSDM 2, NSDM 3

  • Ford: NSDM 265

  • Carter: PD 1, PD 2, PD 3

  • Reagan: NSDD 1, NSDD 2

  • GHW Bush: NSD 1, NSD 2

  • Clinton: PPD/NSC 1, PDD/NSC 2

  • GW Bush: NSPD 1

  • Obama: PPD 1

  • Trump: NSPM 2



NSC Staff as President’s personal foreign policy staff

  • NSC Staff as President’s personal foreign policy staff

  • Professionals

  • National Security Adviser as the President’s number one adviser

  • Began with JFK



Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs

  • Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs

  • Assistant to the President and Deputy for National Security Affairs

  • Assistant to the President, Executive Secretary of the National Security Council and Chief of Staff

    • Deputy Assistant to the President and Deputy National Security Advisor for Strategic Communication
    • Deputy Assistant to the President and Deputy National Security Advisor for Strategic Communication for Strategic Planning
    • Deputy Assistant to the President and Deputy National Security Advisor for International Economic Affairs
    • Deputy Assistant to the President and Deputy National Security Advisor for Transnational Issues
    • Deputy Assistant to the President, Deputy White House Counsel, and Legal Advisor to the National Security Council
      • Special Assistant to the President and White House Coordinator for the Middle East, North Africa, and the Gulf Region
      • Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Non-Proliferation and Nuclear Issues
      • Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Gulf States
      • Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Western Hemisphere Affairs
      • Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for South Asia
      • Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Asia
      • Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Counterterrorism
      • Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Defense Policy and Strategy
      • Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for International Economics
      • Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Weapons of Mass Destruction Terrorism and Threat Reduction
      • Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Multilateral Affairs and Human Rights
      • Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Development and Democracy
      • Special Assistant to the President and Cybersecurity Coordinator
      • Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Intelligence Programs
      • Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Energy and Climate Change
      • Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Israel, Egypt, and the Levant
      • Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for North Africa and Yemen
      • Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for African Affairs
      • Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Europe
      • Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Russia and Central Asia


Premises

  • Premises

  • Advisers compete

  • Organizations compete

    • $, power, turf
  • Presidents want to manage the process

    • Coordination and control
    • Trust
    • speed


Standard Model

  • Standard Model

  • Nixon centralization

  • Standard Model with Management Problems

  • Standard Model with Strong Management





President

  • President

  • Vice President

  • Secretaries of State, Defense, Energy, Attorney General, Treasury

  • Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs

  • Deputy Assistant to the Pres. for National Security Affairs

  • Advisors to NSC

  • Chair JCS

  • DNI



Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs (Chair)

  • Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs (Chair)

  • Secretaries of State, Defense, Energy, Attorney General, Treasury

  • Deputy Assistant to the Pres. for National Security Affairs

  • Advisors to NSC

  • Chair JCS

  • DNI



Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs (Chair)

  • Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs (Chair)

  • Deputy Secretaries or Principal Undersecretaries of State, Defense, Energy, Attorney General, Treasury

  • Advisors to NSC

  • Vice Chair JCS

  • Deputy DNI



  • Middle East IPC (an example)

  • Chair: Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for the Middle East (NSC Staff)

  • Undersecretary of State for Political Affairs

  • Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern Affairs (NEA)

  • Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (DRL)

  • Assistant Sec of Defense for International Security Affairs

  • Joint Staff Representative (J-5)

  • Director of CIA Office for Near Eastern and South Asian Analysis

  • Under Secretary of Treasury for International Affairs

  • Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Global Development, Stabilization and Humanitarian Assistance (NSC Staff)





Standard NSC Process

  • Standard NSC Process



Carter-Reagan-Bush 43: Rivalry Dominates

  • Carter-Reagan-Bush 43: Rivalry Dominates

  • For cabinet Government-style NSC process to work, the President must make it work!



Formal

  • Formal



Standard formal

  • Standard formal

  • interagency process

  • President or senior adviser

  • perceives that changes are

  • needed in the process

  • Admin begins debate *narrowing of participation

  • about adjustments in the *increase in informal and

  • decision making process ad-hoc decision making

  • *bypassing of the formal IA

  • process

  •  



Pressure to speed up the pace of decision

  • Pressure to speed up the pace of decision

    • (economy principle)
  • political pressure

    • (principle of political time)
  • learning about advisers and/or the strengths and weaknesses of the process

    • (learning principle) 


Formal Interagency Informal Confidence

  • Formal Interagency Informal Confidence

  • Structure Structure Structure

  •  

  • President President President

  •  

  • NSC Informal Group First-among-equals

  • that includes the adviser

  • President

  •  

  • Cabinet and Sub-cabinet Informal Group Important advisers

  • IA Committees that does not include the president



Formal Interagency Informal Confidence

  • Formal Interagency Informal Confidence

  • Structure Structure Structure

  •  

  • President President President

  •  

  • NSC Bush, Cheney, Cheney, Rice (1st)

  • Powell, Rumsfeld, Rice (2nd)

  • Rice, Card, Hughes, (Rove, Hughes)

  • Rove, Hadley

  •  

  • NSC PC, NSC DC Cheney, Powell, Rumsfeld/Gates

  • NSC PCCs Rumsfeld, Rice lunch Hadley



Formal Interagency Informal Confidence

  • Formal Interagency Informal Confidence

  • Structure Structure Structure

  •  

  • President President President

  •  

  • NSC Obama, Biden, Donilon, McDonough,

  • Clinton, Gates, Rhodes

  • Jones, Donilon, Rice (2nd)

  • McDonough, Rhodes

  •  

  • NSC PC, NSC DC Clinton, Gates, Biden, Clinton/Kerry,

  • NSC IPCs Jones lunch Gates/Panetta/Hagel



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