NəZDİNDƏ Qİda sənayesi kolleci SƏRBƏst iŞ Fənn: İngilis dili

AZƏRBAYCAN RESPUBLİKASI TƏHSİL NAZİRLİYİ
AZƏRBAYCAN DÖVLƏT İQTİSAD UNİVERSİTETİNİN
NƏZDİNDƏ
QİDA SƏNAYESİ KOLLECİ

SƏRBƏST İŞ

Fənn: İngilis dili
Mövzu: Standardization
Qrup: İT 019
Kurs: III
İxtisas: İaşə məhsullarının texnologiyası
Tələbə: Həbibova Ülviyyə
Müəllim: İsmayılova Şəbnəm
Bakı 2022


Plan :

1. 
   Giriş
   
2. 
   Standardization 
   
3. 
   Ədəbiyyat siyahısı
   

1. 
   Giriş
   

Standardization or standardisation is the process of implementing and developing technical standards based on the consensus of different parties that include firms, users, interest groups, standards organizations and governments. Standardization can help maximize compatibility, interoperability, safety, repeatability, or quality. It can also facilitate a normalization of formerly custom processes. In social sciences, including economics, the idea of standardization is close to the solution for a coordination problem, a situation in which all parties can realize mutual gains, but only by making mutually consistent decisions. Standardization is creating emotional balance, conventional detail, a universal familiarity and natural definition to a concept based on physical or emotional comfort and acceptance by changing societal behaviors and developments. Standard weights and measures were developed by the Indus Valley Civilization. The centralized weight and measure system served the commercial interest of Indus merchants as smaller weight measures were used to measure luxury goods while larger weights were employed for buying bulkier items, such as food grains etc. Weights existed in multiples of a standard weight and in categories. Technical standardisation enabled gauging devices to be effectively used in angular measurement and measurement for construction. Uniform units of length were used in the planning of towns such as Lothal, Surkotada, Kalibangan, Dolavira, Harappa, and Mohenjo-daro. The weights and measures of the Indus civilization also reached Persia and Central Asia, where they were further modified. Shigeo Iwata describes the excavated weights unearthed from the Indus civilization: A total of 558 weights were excavated from Mohenjodaro, Harappa, and Chanhu-daro, not including defective weights. They did not find statistically significant differences between weights that were excavated from five different layers, each measuring about 1.5 m in depth. This was evidence that strong control existed for at least a 500-year period. The 13.7-g weight seems to be one of the units used in the Indus valley. The notation was based on the binary and decimal systems. 83% of the weights which were excavated from the above three cities were cubic, and 68% were made of chert. The implementation of standards in industry and commerce became highly important with the onset of the Industrial Revolution and the need for high-precision machine tools and interchangeable parts.

2.