Sex and Gender



Yüklə 444 b.
tarix11.08.2018
ölçüsü444 b.
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Sex and Gender

  • Sex and Gender

  • Recurrent Gender Patterns

  • Gender Among Foragers

  • Gender Among Horticulturalists

  • Gender Among Agriculturalists

  • Patriarchy and Violence

  • Gender and Industrialism

  • Sexual Orientation


Gender – cultural construction of male and female characteristics

  • Gender – cultural construction of male and female characteristics

  • Sexual dimorphism – marked differences in male and female biology besides the primary and secondary sexual features



Gender stereotypes – oversimplified, strongly held ideas of characteristics of men and women

  • Gender stereotypes – oversimplified, strongly held ideas of characteristics of men and women



Reflects different positions in social hierarchy

    • Reflects different positions in social hierarchy


In domestic activities, female labor dominates

    • In domestic activities, female labor dominates
    • In extradomestic activities, male labor dominates
    • Women are primary caregivers, but men often play a role


Men mate, within and outside marriage, more than women do

    • Men mate, within and outside marriage, more than women do
    • Double standards that restrict women more than men illustrate gender stratification
    • Gender stratification lower when domestic and public spheres not clearly distinguished


Strong differentiation between the home and the outside world is called the domestic-public dichotomy, or the private-public contrast

    • Strong differentiation between the home and the outside world is called the domestic-public dichotomy, or the private-public contrast
      • The activities of the domestic sphere tend to be performed by women
      • The activities of the public sphere tend to be restricted to men


Public activities tend to have greater prestige than domestic ones, which promotes gender stratification

  • Public activities tend to have greater prestige than domestic ones, which promotes gender stratification



Lactation and pregnancy also tend to preclude the possibility of women being the primary hunters in foraging societies

    • Lactation and pregnancy also tend to preclude the possibility of women being the primary hunters in foraging societies
    • !Kung San


Survey of matrifocal (mother-centered, often with no resident husband-father) societies indicates male travel combined with a prominent female economic role reduced gender stratification

    • Survey of matrifocal (mother-centered, often with no resident husband-father) societies indicates male travel combined with a prominent female economic role reduced gender stratification
    • Igbo (Nigeria) demonstrated that gender roles might be filled by members of either sex


Spread of patrilineal-patrilocal societies has been associated with pressure on resources and increased local warfare

    • Spread of patrilineal-patrilocal societies has been associated with pressure on resources and increased local warfare
    • Patrilineal-patrilocal complex concentrates related males in villages, which solidifies their alliances for warfare


Results in relatively high gender stratification (e.g., highland Papua-New Guinea)

    • Results in relatively high gender stratification (e.g., highland Papua-New Guinea)
    • Women do most of the cultivation, cooking, and raising children, but are isolated from the public domain
    • Males dominate the public domain (politics, feasts, warfare)




Women were main workers in 50% of horticultural societies but only 15% in agricultural societies

    • Women were main workers in 50% of horticultural societies but only 15% in agricultural societies
    • Gender stratification associated with plow agriculture rather than with intensive cultivation


Patriarchy – political system ruled by men in which women have inferior social and political status

  • Patriarchy – political system ruled by men in which women have inferior social and political status



With spread of women’s rights movement and human rights movement, attention to domestic violence and abuse of women increased

    • With spread of women’s rights movement and human rights movement, attention to domestic violence and abuse of women increased
    • Patriarchal institutions persist in what should be a more enlightened world






“Traditional” idea that “a woman’s place is in the home” developed among middle- and upper-class Americans as industrialism spread after 1900

    • “Traditional” idea that “a woman’s place is in the home” developed among middle- and upper-class Americans as industrialism spread after 1900
    • Attitudes about gendered work varied with class and region
    • Woman’s role in the home stressed during periods of high unemployment


Both men and women constrained by their cultural training, stereotypes, and expectations

  • Both men and women constrained by their cultural training, stereotypes, and expectations



Contributing Factors

    • Contributing Factors
      • Male migration
      • Civil strife
      • Divorce
      • Abandonment
      • Widowhood
      • Unwed adolescent parenthood




Persons of the opposite sex, heterosexuality

    • Persons of the opposite sex, heterosexuality
    • Persons of the same sex, homosexuality
    • Both sexes, bisexuality


Recently in U.S., tendency has been to see sexual orientation as fixed and biologically based

  • Recently in U.S., tendency has been to see sexual orientation as fixed and biologically based



Sudanese Azande males shifted from sex with older men (as male brides), to sex with younger men (as warriors), to sex with women (as husbands)

    • Sudanese Azande males shifted from sex with older men (as male brides), to sex with younger men (as warriors), to sex with women (as husbands)
    • Etoro in Papua New Guinea believed limited lifetime supply of semen that boys had to acquire orally from older men




Yüklə 444 b.

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