There is to be a designated safety officer at all fire control practical's. There is to be a designated safety officer at all fire control practical's



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There is to be a designated safety officer at all fire control practical's.

  • There is to be a designated safety officer at all fire control practical's.

  • 1. Discuss the need for size-up procedures on vehicle emergencies.


TERMINAL OBJECTIVE

  • TERMINAL OBJECTIVE

  •  

  • The Firefighter II candidate shall correctly define in writing the different material used in lightweight construction as well as identify lightweight construction components, describe their reaction to fire and truss locations found in structures.

  •  

  • ENABLING OBJECTIVES

  •  

  • The Firefighter II candidate shall identify in writing, what is considered lightweight construction and the materials used in the components of lightweight construction.

  • The Firefighter II candidate shall describe in writing, the reaction of lightweight structural components to fire.

  • The Firefighter II candidate shall identify in writing, the locations where trusses can be found in structures.



ENABLING OBJECTIVE#1

  • ENABLING OBJECTIVE#1

  •  

  • The Firefighter II candidate shall identify in writing, what is considered lightweight construction and the materials used in the components of lightweight construction.

  •  

  • Define the term “Truss construction.”

  • Discuss “surface to mass ratio.”

  •  

  • Discuss “Open web steel joists.”

  • Discuss “Wood trusses.”

  • Point out the different types of trusses.

  • Label the different parts of a truss.



Point out the difference between a steel truss and a wood truss.

  • Point out the difference between a steel truss and a wood truss.

  • Discuss the function of gusset plates to wooden trusses.

  • Define the term “Engineered wood structural member.”

  • Define the term “Plywood.”

  • Define the term “Oriented Strand Board.”

  • Discuss compression and tension forces as it relates to truss construction.



ENABLING OBJECTIVE#2

  • ENABLING OBJECTIVE#2

  • The Firefighter II candidate shall describe in writing, the reaction of lightweight structural components to fire.

  •  

  • Discuss the statement – “Our trusses are engineered.”

  • Discuss hazards associated with a “truss void.”

  •  

  • Discuss the fire characteristics of steel trusses.

  •  

  • Discuss the fire characteristics of wood trusses.

  •  

  • Discuss the fire characteristics of wooden I beams.



ENABLING OBJECTIVE# 3

  • ENABLING OBJECTIVE# 3

  •  

  • The Firefighter II candidate shall identify in writing, the locations where trusses can be found in structures.

  • Discuss floor trusses and the problems associated with them.

  •  

  • Discuss roof trusses and the problems associated with them.



ENABLING OBJECTIVE #3

  • ENABLING OBJECTIVE #3

  •  

  • The Fire Fighter II candidate shall correctly describe in writing why recognizing observations in reading smoke and the warning signs of hostile fire events is important.

  •  

  • 1. Explain why reading smoke is important to evaluating the fires position within a building.

  •  

  • 2. Explain how evaluating the volume of smoke assists in the understanding of the amount of fuel that is off-gassing in a given space.

  •  

  • 3. Explain that the velocity of smoke is an indicator of pressure.

  •  

  • 4. Describe the two things that can create smoke pressure.

  • a. Heat

  • b. Restricting the volume of smoke within a container

  •  



5. Explain how smoke thickens.

  • 5. Explain how smoke thickens.

  •  

  • 6. Discuss the fact that the greater the smoke density, the more likely a hostile fire event can occur.

  •  

  • 7. Explain that the color of smoke will only indicate the type of burning material in a single-fuel fire.

  •  

  • Point out that smoke can tell the Fire Fighter which stage of burning is taking place.

  • APPLICATION

  •  

  • Divide the class up into suitable size work groups 3-5 candidates. Show them pictures of different fire scenarios and have them evaluate the smoke conditions. Assist them in recognizing the volume, velocity, density, and color of smoke for each picture.





To determine “HOW MUCH” fire

  • To determine “HOW MUCH” fire



To help find the LOCATION of the fire

  • To help find the LOCATION of the fire



To help predict

  • To help predict

  • COLLAPSE potential



To help PRIORITIZE Strategies & Tactics

  • To help PRIORITIZE Strategies & Tactics



To PROTECT Firefighters from a “HOSTILE FIRE EVENT”

  • To PROTECT Firefighters from a “HOSTILE FIRE EVENT”

  • Flashover

  • Back Draft

  • Smoke Explosion

  • Auto Ignition

  • Rapid Fire Spread



What is “Smoke”?

  • What is “Smoke”?



Carbon

  • Carbon

  • Dust

  • Other fibers



Hydrocarbons

  • Hydrocarbons

    • Oil
    • Tar


Carbon Monoxide

  • Carbon Monoxide

  • Hydrogen Cyanide

  • Acrolein

  • Hydrogen Sulfide

  • Benzene





Carbon Monoxide - 1292 F

  • Carbon Monoxide - 1292 F

  • Hydrogen Cyanide 0 F 538 F

  • Acrolein -15 F 428 F

  • Hydrogen Sulfide - 500 F

  • Benzene 12 F 928 F



Hydrogen Cyanide is more prevalent now than ever before due to the increased use of synthetics.

      • Hydrogen Cyanide is more prevalent now than ever before due to the increased use of synthetics.
      • It attacks our bodies through Oral inhalation as well as Occular and Dermal absorption. It is more lethal than CO and is more difficult to test for toxicity levels.
      • It is suspected of contibuting to the many of the FF Fatalities in the past originally thought to CO induced.


Fuel – UEL and LEL

  • Fuel – UEL and LEL

  • Reaction- Oxygen-Fuel effect

  • Ceiling layer-

          • High fuel/Low Oxygen
  • Floor Layer-

          • High Oxygen/Low Fuel
  • They meet at the reaction layer

  • Oxygen – Deficient or Enriched



What relationship does mass & density have on fuels?

  • What relationship does mass & density have on fuels?

  • Fuels are Synthetic now

  • Fuels have LESS MASS – they off-gas quicker!



Construction

  • Construction

  • Contents

  • Size

  • Ventilation

  • Fire protection systems





Type

  • Type

  • Insulation

  • Condition

  • Heat Flux



I-Joist

  • I-Joist



Glu-Lam

  • Glu-Lam

  • Finger-Joint



Panels

  • Panels



Wood Truss

  • Wood Truss





• As the surface temperature of wood increases due to fire exposure, flammable vapors are produced and a char layer (burnt wood) is formed on the external surfaces.

  • • As the surface temperature of wood increases due to fire exposure, flammable vapors are produced and a char layer (burnt wood) is formed on the external surfaces.

  • • In the presence of fire, these flammable vapors ignite and contribute to the fire.

  • • As the char layer gets thicker, it insulates the remaining unburned wood and slows the rate of vapor production, thereby slowing the charring process







American Forest & Paper Association- http://www.woodaware.info/index.html

  • American Forest & Paper Association- http://www.woodaware.info/index.html

  • Southern Building Components Association

  • http://www.sbcindustry.com/configurations.php



Type of fuel load

  • Type of fuel load

  • Size / Amount



Homeowners “padding” their homes:

  • Homeowners “padding” their homes:

      • Plusher carpet
      • Elaborate curtain & drapes
      • More / heavier furniture
      • Comfort accessories
  • “Bed, Bath & Beyond”



Increasing use of synthetic materials

  • Increasing use of synthetic materials

  • Tighter construction

      • Better insulation
      • Modern construction materials
      • Double/triple pane EE windows


Area

  • Area

  • Height

  • Configuration



Volume

  • Volume

  • Distance

  • Type

  • Influences fire spread



HVAC

  • HVAC

  • Sprinklers

  • Standpipes



Ceiling temps have increased from 1300 to 1600 degrees

  • Ceiling temps have increased from 1300 to 1600 degrees

  • BTU production > 18,000

  • (more than doubled)



Doesn’t necessarily change our tactics…

  • Doesn’t necessarily change our tactics…



How does “flammable range” factor in?

  • How does “flammable range” factor in?





To Read Smoke – you must be able to:

  • To Read Smoke – you must be able to:

  • Determine the stage of burning (early, growing, late)

  • Tell if the Fire is in Thermal Balance (smoke up and out, fresh air in).

  • Find out if the “box” is absorbing heat or not (Linear vs. Turbulent Smoke Flow)



Flashover

  • Flashover

  • Back draft

  • Smoke Explosion

  • Rapid Fire Spread

  • Auto Ignition



Fuel mass/box is heat saturated

  • Fuel mass/box is heat saturated

  • Reflective radiant heat intensifies

  • Simultaneous ignition of fuels

  • Warning Signs: Turbulent smoke, Rollover, Auto-Ignition

  • Flashover of one box means what?



Transition or event that occurs between the incipient and fully developed phases of fire

  • Transition or event that occurs between the incipient and fully developed phases of fire

  • All surfaces that are exposed ignite at once



Introduction of oxygen to an environment that is:

  • Introduction of oxygen to an environment that is:

    • Heated past fuel ignition temps
    • Usually confined or restricted
    • Pressurized with gases
    • Capable of sustained burning
    • Warning Signs: Ugly Yellow/grey smoke, Smoke leaving cracks under pressure, black-stained windows
    • Note: Puffing is NOT a good warning sign( a pressurized container must vent before it can suck!)


A pocket of gas that has reached an ignitable mixture - but not enough energy to sustain ignition

  • A pocket of gas that has reached an ignitable mixture - but not enough energy to sustain ignition

  • Ignition of this pocket is a spark or flame – which then causes an “explosive” surge of pressure

  • Usually no resulting fire - but increased chance of fire spread (container breach?)

  • Ceiling spaces and vaulted ceilings are candidates for smoke explosions



Usually “Container” Influenced – especially stairs and hallways

  • Usually “Container” Influenced – especially stairs and hallways

  • Fuel is continuous and available to burn

  • Especially “volatile” fuel causes the spread – usually smoke-cloud ignition

  • Thermal Balance exists

  • Usually results from another “event”



Typically used to describe the ignition of fuels AFTER they leave the box

  • Typically used to describe the ignition of fuels AFTER they leave the box

  • Primarily a WARNING SIGN

  • Exposure Threat:

    • Other parts of building
    • Other Buildings
    • Firefighters


Observations are typically made from outside - inside observations hide the “real” picture.

  • Observations are typically made from outside - inside observations hide the “real” picture.



Outside

  • Outside

      • IC
      • Safety
      • RIT
      • Backup


RULES:





Volume = Fullness of Box

  • Volume = Fullness of Box

  • Velocity (Pressure) = Heat, Volume, and Distance to fire

  • Density = Quality of burning – likelihood of “event”

  • Color = Stage of Heating, Distance, amount of “flaming”



Velocity

  • Velocity

  • Color

  • Volume

  • Density

  • Air Track



May be an indicator of pressure inside the container

  • May be an indicator of pressure inside the container

  • Pressure may be caused by heat or volume



If the velocity or pressure is a result of heat, the smoke will rise and loose velocity.

  • If the velocity or pressure is a result of heat, the smoke will rise and loose velocity.

  • If the velocity or pressure is a result of volume, the smoke will loose velocity but also maintain a neutral buoyancy.



Turbulent smoke is a potential

  • Turbulent smoke is a potential

  • indicator of the container not

  • being able to absorb more heat.

  • Laminar smoke is a potential

  • indicator of the container still

  • being able to absorb heat.



Smoke will become slower as distance from the seat of the fire increases.

  • Smoke will become slower as distance from the seat of the fire increases.

  • To locate the seat of the fire, compare smoke coming from several opening and determine which has the most turbulent smoke coming from the smallest opening



Heavy/light is an insufficient description

  • Heavy/light is an insufficient description

  • The department should have predetermined descriptions of smoke conditions in place in SOP’s



Darker- Hydrocarbon fuels

  • Darker- Hydrocarbon fuels

  • White- Incipient fire or great distance from the seat

  • Grey/yellow- Ordinary combustibles

  • Brown- Wood at or near ignition temperature possibly involving structural components



Light colored smoke may have large amounts of unburned fuel and may have travel some distance picking up moisture and depositing carbon.

  • Light colored smoke may have large amounts of unburned fuel and may have travel some distance picking up moisture and depositing carbon.

  • Dark smoke often indicates an under ventilated fire or hydrocarbon fuels.



May relate to amount of fuel

  • May relate to amount of fuel

  • May relate to pressure

  • Best as an indicator when coupled with other indicators

  • Ventilation controlled fires that near

  • the smoldering stage may produce

  • larger quantities of smoke.

  • Indicator of degree or location of

  • fire.



May result from amount of fuel in the smoke

  • May result from amount of fuel in the smoke

  • Heavy/light description is inadequate



Refers to how well you can see through the smoke.

  • Refers to how well you can see through the smoke.

    • Optically dense smoke may contain high concentrations of particulate matter.
    • Often described as having
    • the appearance of velvet.
    • Relates to the fuel and degree
    • of ventilation.


Refers to the buoyancy of the smoke.

  • Refers to the buoyancy of the smoke.

    • The higher the higher the density, the lower the temperature and pressure, the smoke sinks.
    • The lower the density, the higher the temperature and pressure, the smoke will rise.


Any significant change over a 5 second period may indicate a hostile fire event or loss of structural integrity.

  • Any significant change over a 5 second period may indicate a hostile fire event or loss of structural integrity.



Sudden rise in hot gas layer

  • Sudden rise in hot gas layer

    • Ventilation from outside crews
    • Self ventilation


Sudden lowering of the hot gas layer

  • Sudden lowering of the hot gas layer

    • Worsening condition
      • Impending flashover
      • Rapid fire progression
    • Water application
      • Excessive
      • Inappropriate


Not typically visible

  • Not typically visible

  • Must observe its effects



Direction of smoke

  • Direction of smoke

  • Direction of fresh air



Heated gases will move up and out from the fire

  • Heated gases will move up and out from the fire

  • Often predicts the path of fire spread

  • Pay attention to the height of the hot gas layer (Thickness)



When making entry-look at the direction of the smoke and the fresh air.

  • When making entry-look at the direction of the smoke and the fresh air.

  • Always carry a light and observe the direction of the smoke and the fresh air.



Size of opening

  • Size of opening

  • Temperature

    • Laminar
    • Turbulent


Neutral plane

  • Neutral plane

    • Charles’ law: as the temperature of a gas increases it will expand becoming less dense and more buoyant
    • Gay-Lussac’s law: when the volume of gas remains constant and the temperature increases, pressure increases
  • Movement of the hot gas layer

    • Up or down


Neutral Plane

  • Neutral Plane

    • The plane that is formed between the hot air layer (top) and the cool air or oxygen layer (Bottom).
    • The hot air layer typically moves outward away from the seat of the fire and towards the ventilation point.
    • The cool air typically moves inward towards the seat of the fire.




Most obvious indicator

  • Most obvious indicator

  • Often the latest indicator to develop



Black Fire is the term we give to High Volume, High Velocity, Extremely Dense, Black Smoke.

  • Black Fire is the term we give to High Volume, High Velocity, Extremely Dense, Black Smoke.

  • It is the sure sign of impending flashover – VENT & COOL are your only choices.



Is there a chance of survival in a compartment that is producing black turbulent smoke?

  • Is there a chance of survival in a compartment that is producing black turbulent smoke?

  • Are rescue efforts feasible?



  • The maximum survivable (wet) temperature



Container (most important factor)

  • Container (most important factor)

  • Thermal Balance

  • Weather

  • Firefighting efforts

  • Other factors?



Are conditions getting better or worse?

  • Are conditions getting better or worse?



Classify the Fire:

  • Classify the Fire:







Consider that:

  • Consider that:

  • One hostile event can - and usually will - lead to another event.

  • Communicate your observations.

  • Warning Signs are not always visual – use your KNOWLEDGE and EXPERIENCE.

  • TRUST YOUR INSTINCTS…



When you open a door or window - watch what the smoke does…and what THE FRESH AIR DOES!

  • When you open a door or window - watch what the smoke does…and what THE FRESH AIR DOES!





In poor visibility - watch the smoke in front of your light - it will give you some clues

  • In poor visibility - watch the smoke in front of your light - it will give you some clues



A 5-second change in any key factor means an event has taken place – the key is to define what event has taken place and to forecast what will likely happen next.

  • A 5-second change in any key factor means an event has taken place – the key is to define what event has taken place and to forecast what will likely happen next.



“The garbage man doesn’t get excited when he turns the corner and sees trash, and you shouldn’t get excited when you turn the corner and see fire.”

  • “The garbage man doesn’t get excited when he turns the corner and sees trash, and you shouldn’t get excited when you turn the corner and see fire.”

  • “You should expect fire on every run.”





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