1 Comparative Study of English Phraseology

Partial semantic analogues
English Phraseological
Units
1 significative and denota- _≈
5 functional and stylistic component ^{= or ≠}
Russian Phraseo- logical Units
significative and denota-
functional and stylistic component
characteristic of these examples.
The following examples correspond to the same
component structure:
take (the) bread out of smb’s mouth and otbivat’ khleb u kogo;
pop the question and delat’ predlozhenie komu;
hit smb where it hurts and nastupat’ na mozol’ komu;
cry on smb’s shoulder and plakat’ v zhiletku;
recover one’s temper and овладеть собой;
speak (talk) smb’s (the same) language and najti obshhij jazyk;
soft (touched, weak) in the head and mozgi nabekren’ u kogo;
get one’s monkey up and metat’ ikru (to rage, make noise, to swear, quarrel), etc.
It should be noted that, if semantic equivalents are presented mostly by monoequivalents (there is only one possible translation of the phraseological unit), semantic analogues, on the contrary, can be interpreted in many ways, i.e. a Russian phraseological unit may have two or more English compliances. For example:
otpravljat’ na tot svet kogo and send smb to his account; send smb to glory;
moloko na gubah ne obsohlo u kogo and wet behind the ears; still green; still in swaddling clothes (swaddling-clothes);
dva sapoga para and birds of a feather; nothing
/not much/ to choose between them; there is nothing to choose between them; there’s/not a pin to choose between them; they make a pair.
Phraseological units such as ‘Бўйнига қўймоқ, ерга урмоқ, йўл бермоқ’ are interpreted on the basis of the specific meanings of the lexemes they contain, and they are also perceived in the form of a free link. Free association and figurativeness in the phraseological unit formed on this basis is the motivational (logical) basis, the criterion that maintains the connection between them. The phraseological units ‘Оғиз очмаслик, тўнини тескари киймоқ, қўлини ювиб, қўлтиғига урмоқ’ form a phraseological meaning based on the semantic transformation of the free link. The phraseological units ' Калаванинг учини йўқотмоқ, калаванинг учини топмоқ ' are also phraseologized on the basis of the semantic transformation of the free link.
Compounds like ‘бошини олиб чиқиб кетмоқ, оёғини қўлига олиб, ўпкасини қўлтиқламоқ’ are not based on free connections, they are not perceived as free connections, it is practically impossible to perform actions like ‘бошини олиб чиқиб кетиш, оёғини қўлига олиш, ўпкасини қўлтиқлаш’ in human activity. In this case, the use of a phrase in a non-specific way, on the basis of semantic transformation, forms a meaning specific to the phraseological unit.
That is, links that are not interpreted on the basis of the lexeme- specific meanings in the context, that do not take into account the lexeme-specific lexical meanings, appear in compounds such as ‘аммамнинг бузоғи, оёғини қўлига олиб, ўпкасини қўлтиқламоқ, бошини олиб чиқиб кетмоқ’. The meaning inherent in such phraseological units represents a meaning contrary to the meaning of the lexemes in the structure. The meaning in the phraseological units ‘Оғзига оқ ит кириб, қора ит чиқади; ўпкасини қўлтиқламоқ’ is not explained on the basis of the meanings specific to the lexemes in these links, the meanings specific to the phraseological unit are formed due to semantic transformation. The factor that connects them with free connections is semantic transformation and imagery. Hence, the differential criterion that distinguishes phraseological units from free association is semantic transformation and imagery.
First of all, it should be noted that in the process of phraseologization, the meaning of free connection changes. The compound ‘Енг шимармоқ’ is derived from the mutually compatible spiritual combination of the ‘ен’г and ‘шимармоқ’ lexemes that make them up only in the form of a free binding, retaining their lexical meanings and acquiring a meaning that represents the action associated with squeezing the hem of a garment. This creates a meaning that can be interpreted on the basis of lexeme-specific meanings. In the process of phraseologization, the meaning of the free link is completely changed, and the meaning of ' астойдил ишга киришмоқ ', which is not specific to the lexemes in it, is formed. Phraseologisms are therefore divided into types such as interpretable and unexplained on the basis of lexeme-specific meanings.
Therefore, what language factors are the basis for the formation of phraseological meaning. First of all, it should be noted that the free connection and the phraseology formed on this basis are figuratively connected. Image is a motivational (logical) basis and a criterion that maintains the connection between them. The image of the free conjunction ‘Енг шимармоқ’ appears in the formed phraseology. The free conjunction ‘Оғиз очмаслик’ is also, as noted, a phraseological integrity that is interpreted on the basis of the specific meanings of the lexemes it contains. Of course, we cannot deny that the semantics of this or that component are taken into account. Because each component in one way or another affects the meaning of the phraseology. But the semantic effect of the components in phraseological integrity or confusion is different.
The phraseologisms ‘Тўнини тескари киймоқ, қўлини ювиб, қўлтиғига урмоқ’ are also not a phraseological confusion, but a phraseological integrity. Because the basis of these phraseologies are free connections. However, as noted, even in compounds such as ‘бошини олиб чиқиб кетмоқ, оёғини қўлига олиб, ўпкасини қўлтиқламоқ’, the image defines the connection between the free link and the phraseme. In this sense, it is practically impossible to distinguish between groups of phraseologies such as phraseological integrity and confusion. If phraseologies are grouped according to this classification, all proverbs, proverbs, aphorisms, wise sayings, scientific and technical compound terms should be included in this group. This ultimately expands the phraseological object.
Phraseological confusion, on the other hand, includes connections that are not interpreted on the basis of the specific meanings of the lexemes in their meaning, which do not take into account the lexical meanings specific to these lexemes. This group includes ‘аммамнинг бузоғи, оёғини қўлига олиб, тўнини тескари киймоқ, ўпкасини қўлтиқламоқ, бошини олиб чиқиб кетмоқ’ and so on. It is true that the specific meaning of such phraseologies represents a meaning contrary to the meaning of the lexemes in the structure. In our opinion, such a feature does not allow them to be completely differentiated from each other. For example, ‘енг шимармоқ’ is considered a phraseological integrity and ‘ўпкасини қўлтиқламоқ’ is considered a phraseological confusion. The conjunction ‘Енг шимармоқ’ is also interpreted on the basis of the meanings specific to the lexemes it contains. The conjunction ‘Ўпкасини қўлтиқламоқ’ is also not interpreted on the basis of the meanings specific to the lexemes it contains. Both are phraseologisms that have emerged due to portable meaning. The factor that connects them with free connections is figurativeness. In the meaning of both phraseologies, meanings emerge that are separated from the free connection. But in them the images which are the basis of reality in free connection are kept, that is, the action, the idea of reality is understood.
Hence, the main criterion that distinguishes phraseology from free connection is semantic transformation and imagery. In phraseology, this or that action, the reflection of the event, the image must be embodied.
Phraseologization is not only a linguistic phenomenon, but also a product of the development of the human mind and should be considered as a linguistic-philosophical phenomenon. It is also present in philosophical observation in the process of phraseologization.
The recognition of a lexeme as a linguistic unit and as a linguistic phenomenon has left no one in traditional linguistics in doubt. H. Nematov and R. Rasulov state that the main feature of a lexeme is its "readiness", that is, it is not artificial. Indeed, lexemes denote and express things, signs, quantities, actions, states, and features in reality, and are distinguished by their readiness for all members of society.
It should be noted that the phraseological units have undergone a process of interconnection, syntactic relations, until they become stagnant in the language and become intelligible to the owners of the language that represents a particular meaning. This process takes place in speech. The process of stabilization and willing participation in speech as a unit of language is the second stage in the formation of phraseological units. Hence, phraseological units functioned to participate in the speech process even before they became a linguistic phenomenon.
So far, there is no consensus among linguists in determining the scope of phraseological units. Most linguists include in the scope of phraseology all stable compounds - proverbs, sayings, idiomatic compounds, non-idiomatic combinations of words, stable phraseological groups and pairs of words, and believe that the common feature that unites them is stability and readiness in language. Such an approach makes it possible to consider all lexical units that have a portable meaning as a whole as phraseological units and expands the phraseological object.
In Uzbek linguistics, two semantic types of phrases, such as phraseological integrity and phraseological confusion, are distinguished on the basis of the relationship between the meaning understood from the phrase as a whole and the meanings of the lexemes in it.
A phrase that is not interpreted on the basis of the specific meanings of the lexemes in its structure, which do not take into account the lexical meanings specific to these lexemes, is called a phraseological confusion.
Linguists such as AN Kononov, EI Ubryatova, NA Baskakov, considering that phraseological units are functionally close to words, recognize them as lexical word combinations or lexical units (lexical associations). E.V. Sevortyan considers phraseological units as lexematic compounds or closed compounds with lexical meaning. Researchers’ recognition of lexical phrases makes it necessary to determine the relationship of phraseological units to lexemes.
Phraseological units are interpreted as lexical units in most definitions. Since lexical units are dates, they must also have lexical meaning. In the scientific literature, fixed word combinations include different types of compound words, lexematic phrases, grammaticalized phrases, phraseological combinations. Some scientific works classify idioms of lexical- phraseological type, ie phraseological units with specific lexical meaning, as well as idioms of pure phraseological type, all phraseological units without specific lexical meaning. However, observations suggest that phraseological units may not have a specific lexical meaning. But the idea that these meanings are expressed explicitly in one place and more abstractly in another is close to the truth.
Polish linguist K.M.Gyulumyants “One of the reasons for the transition of free compounds to stable compounds is the process of lexicalization. In lexemes in the field of phraseology, we say that the semantic meanings of the individual components of a compound gradually become imperceptible, and that the phrases have a common meaning that overlaps the meanings of the compound parts.
As we recognize, the meaning of phraseological integrity derives from the general meaning of the lexical meanings of the units within it, and they are an alternative to a particular lexeme that exists in the language. In the explanatory phraseological dictionary of the Uzbek language ' авра-астарини ағдармоқ ' - to reveal all the nuances, ' аммамнинг бузоғи ' - awkward, dim-witted, ' анқонинг уруғи '
- hard to find, rare, ‘аравани олиб қочмоқ’ - to boast, 'арпасини хом ўрмоқ' - to do evil, ' белга тепмоқ ' - unwillingly, to interrupt unexpectedly, ' бел боғламоқ ' - to get ready, to jump, to start earnestly, ' бели оғримоқ/бели оғримайди ' - not to hurt, ' бел ушлашмоқ '- to try hard,' бел оғритмоқ ' - to suffer, ' бир ёстиққа бош қўймоқ ' - to have a family life, ' бир ўқ билан икки қуённи урмоқ ' - exactly one to work for two things at a time, ' боши айланмоқ ' - to be useless, to lose balance, ' бошдан оёқ ' - to be full, whole, ' бош оғриқ ' - to be anxious, to be in a state of idiom have a so'zgagina not equal to their real meanings based on the combination of the two words appear. At this point, phraseological units intersect with the phenomenon of lexicalization.
The meaning of phraseological confusions is not interpreted on the basis of the lexemes it contains, i.e., its meaning does not derive from the meaning of the words it contains. In the Uzbek dictionary, ‘дунёни сув босса тўпиғига чиқмаслик’ - an overly indifferent, overly indifferent, ' ерга кириб кетмоқ ' - to be harsh, to be ugly, ' ер тагида илон қимирласа, билмоқ ' - extremely intelligent, sensitive, ' ёстиғини қуритмоқ ' - to kill with his whole family, ' жонини ҳовучламоқ ' - to worry anxiously about a catastrophe, ' зардаси қайнамоқ ' - to be angry, ' икки оёғини бир этикка тиқмоқ ' - a very difficult situation to fall into, ' икки қўлини оғзига тиқмоқ ' - to scream and strive to accomplish more than necessary, ' ичини ит тирнамоқ ' - secretly disturbed, anxious, ‘ичи қора’ - evil- minded, unwilling to do good to others, ' кулини кўкка совурмоқ ' - to completely absorb, to destroy, ‘кўзининг пахтаси чиқмоқ/кўзи қинидан чиқмоқ/кўзи косасидан чиқмоқ’ - wrath reflected in the eyes, ' оёғини қўлига олмоқ ' - to run, to run away, ' тўнини тескари киймоқ ' - to be stubborn, ' ўпкасини қўлтиқламоқ ' - to hurry are considered as logical mistakes to misinterpret such phraseological confusions. None of this can be done in real life. But the need to exaggerate the action somewhat and to express it in an exaggerated way requires that language units be combined in this way. No matter how illogical it may be to understand them in the correct sense, there is a common similarity and similarity that binds actions together.
Thus, the meaning understood from phraseological units is not merely a sum of the lexical meanings peculiar to the words they contain, but manifests itself as a superlative meaning, and at the same time as a figurative meaning. This is also observed in the lexicalization process. Even in the process of lexicalization, the lexemes in the compound lose their independence.
In the process of phraseology and lexicalization, not one word, but a compound and two or more lexemes are involved in its composition. Due to the phenomena of phraseology and lexicalization, new derivative meanings emerge. They can also be lexical units that are considered alternatives to completely new or existing lexemes and also perform a function in speech.
The formation of phraseological units is also a speech process, which is called phraseologization, and it should be noted that this process has much in common with the phenomenon of lexicalization.
2.2
Language is the chief means by which the human personality expresses itself and fulfills its basic need for social interaction with other persons. Frantz Fanon said “to speak a language is to take on a world, a culture” (F. Fanon, 2001). A person who knows a language perfectly uses a thousand and one grammar lexical, phonetic rules when he is speaking. Language skills help us to choose different words and models in our speech. By learning language we can introduce with different people’s tradition, their culture, religious and physiological inner-world.
Nowadays a number of scholars turn their attention to the science of phraseology. One of the ideas is connected with the understanding of phraseological units as phenomena of culture, and therefore the functioning of them is investigated in cultural context. Thus phraseology has entered the sphere of sociolinguistics. In this section of our research we’ll, investigate some cultural identities of English and Uzbek phraseological units.
One of the best definitions of phraseological units is as follows: it is a stable, coherent combination of words with partially or fully figurative meaning. Phraseological units reflect the wealth of a language displaying cultural paradigms of the speakers of a particular language. They reflect cultural archetypes of an ethno- linguistic community and help to make explicit the peculiarities of its world perception. Phraseological units as the particular units of language came into the focus of linguists’ attention in the beginning of the 20th century. In the second part of the 20th century these word-combinations became the object of scientific investigation.
The field of phraseology (or idiomaticity) in any language is so varied and fascinating that one could spend an entire lifetime considering and analyzing it from various viewpoints. A phraseological unit is an established, universal and essential element that, used with care, ornaments and enriches the language.
Phraseological units are interesting because they are colorful and lively and because they are linguistic curiosities. At the same time, they are difficult because they have unpredictable meanings and grammar, and often have special connotations. Research into phraseological unit’s shows that they have important role in language.
Though there are differences in opinions, all linguists agree that phraseological units or idioms are probably “the most picturesque, colorful and expressive part of the language vocabulary, which reflect nation’s customs, traditions and prejudices, recollections of its past history, scraps of folk songs and fairy tales. But it is necessary to distinguish them from other words and phrases existing in the language”.
In the culture, there is a system of information signs (cultural codes), which is based on a person's ability to correlate events from different areas, to highlight their main characteristics. The cultural code is an important link in the linguistic cultural analysis of phraseological units. Linguistic and cultural analysis lets us to establish the relatedness of phraseological units with cultural codes - the realities that people gave cultural meaning. The cultural code - a system of signs of the material and spiritual world, became the bearers of cultural meanings, which “are read” in these signs. The main function of the cultural code is to describe the cultural space, and its form - the various signs of the material and the spiritual world. Thus, the cultural code - this is such a category, which is representative of the cultural meanings.

In this part of the research we analyzed some native English and American phrases and idioms which require some special knowledge to get the point and use

Ammamning buzog’i- flabby in speech.

The phrase is very active in everyday speech. It is usually used in informal speech in order to express emotiveness and exaggeration.
“Bektemirdan ko’nglim to’q - dedi Ali tajang, - kallasi ishlaydi. Ammo Safar cho’tir - u ham qo’rqoq, ham ammamning buzog’i”. Oybek, “Quyosh qoraymas”
Ko’z ochib yumguncha - In a moment. The given phraseological unit belongs to die literary and colloquial style. It is used to strengthen the meaning and to draw attention to the speed of the fulfillment of an action. It also has a synonym “hash- pash deguncha” which is more older one of the phrase. Ex: “Umr degan narsa ko’z ochib yumguncha otib ketar ekan” Mirmuhsin, “Jamila”
Ochiq qo’l- very generous. Very good example of forming a phrase with the help etonymy. It is widely used in literary style and everyday speech Ichi qizimoq- To get excited about something. This is a metaphorical phrase «ichi is widely used in daily use. Xabarim bor. Hammasini bilib yuribman. - dedi ichi qizib Rahim.
H. Nazir, “Ko’korol chiroqlari”
Ochiq chehra- sincere. The expression is formed with the help of metonymy.
Es-hushini yo ’qotmoq-to lose one’s head, to lose one’s mind - tomi ketmoq.dely wi to lose one’s head used in literature and everyday speech.
As we can see in the examples of native English and Uzbek phraseological units are some clear cultural distinctions of the two nations’ expressing their ideas phrases. As for English phrases, they have some Proper nouns concerning to the English history and literature: according to Hoyle, Davy Jones locker. Also, the English are very rich in quotes which are taken from their greatest literary sources, such as W. Shakespeare, Ch. Dickens, Arthur Canon Doyle etc: Alas, poor Yorick! / knew him Horatio; elementary my dear, Watson. We can also witness some geographical names in their idioms - As black as Newgate’s knocker - which is very rare in Uzbek phrases. However, in Uzbek native Phraseological units there are lots of words concerning to the everyday activity of humankind. Also, there is widely used the part of the body - qattiq qo’rqmoq,qon yutmoq, ко ’zini ochmoq, yurak yutmoq- in comparison to English phrases.
Nevertheless, one cannot reject some similarities of phrases of both languages. They are the use of some words specific to the nations’ cultures only: to ’ydan oldin nog’ora chalmoq, kovushini tog’rilamoq; as easy as pie, save one’s bacon broad use of metaphor and metonymy in forming the phraseological units: bag’ri keng, oyoq qo’ymoq; yellow belly, a labour of love.
In this article there are given some research on peculiarities of translation and classification of phraseological units. We mainly dealt with distinctive features of English phraseological units. Because as Uzbek language speakers we have some difficulties in translation concerning to English language phraseological units.
3.1
Translation of phraseological units is topical for the contemporary translatology nowadays. According to many outstanding specialists, phraseological units are lexical combinations, the meaning of which is defined by the whole expression. The most distinctive feature of phraseological unit is its emotional expressiveness and conciseness of
thought expression. Fairly often, phraseological units are functioning in the newspaper style. It should be noted that ability to find an equivalent to it during the translation process is the most important stage for the translat or. In order to translate a phraseological unit, the translator should use phraseological dictionaries and context plays an important
role during the translation process. In conclusion it should be noted that phraseological units reflect culture and a national mentality of a definite nation. Due to this reason, translation of phraseological units is one of the topical issues for the contemporary translatology. Phraseological units are an integral part of any language or culture and
knowing these units and appropriate interpretation of them is an evidence of appropriate translation of the whole expression or a work of art.
Nowadays translation of phraseological units is an important subject for contemporary translation studies. Therefore, this subject is being discussed by translatologists and it is closely connected with the
fact that translator should interpret the meaning of the whole expression or a group of words and The translator should define the ways of translation and express the connotative and evaluation functions of the whole expression. It is expedient, according to our opinion, to give an accurate definition to the notion of phraseological unit proposed by(Kuzmin, 2007).
Many famous and outstanding translatologists consider that phraseologic false whole or in part coincide with the units of the target text and the analysed phraseological units can create false associations during the translation process due to the reason of their similarity with free collocations.
Phraseological units have a definite meaning and this meaning can
definitely or particularly differ from the meaning of a phraseological unit in the target text. According to a difficult to choose an adequate equivalent in the other language (Komissarov and Koralova, 1999).
The most relevant reason is either among motivated or opaque phraseological units. For example, phraseological unit corresponds to
the Russian phraseological unit , and the following should be translated into the Russian language as
- (Komissarov and Koralova, 1999).
2. Types of phraseological units
With regard to many linguists, phraseological units are word combinations, the meaning of which is defined according to the whole expression but not according to their components or language parts. With relation to notional component binding, phraseological units should be divided into figurative and non-figurative. Non-figurative phraseological units are called as phraseological collocations. Analysing these phraseological units, we mention that their language components express their meaning, but these units (Slepovich, 2005).
Consequently, there is a need in the analysis of some ways of non-
translation, elaborated by a famous translatologist V.S. Slepovich:
1) translation of phraseological units can be processed on the basis of existing English collocation:
2) and- (Slepovich, 2005).
The next type of phraseological units is figurative. For this reason, figurative phraseological units are known as idioms. As we know, idiom is a language expression, the meaning of which is not the sum of meanings constituting their components. For example, in the Russian language there are some idioms and the translation of the abovementioned idioms into the English language[1489Victoria Subbotina / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 70 (2013) 1487 – 1492]

3. Accepted ways of translating phraseological units

It should be pointed out that translation correspondences in the target language are used for the translation of idioms:
1) translation with the help of absolute equivalents: shed(Kuzmin, 2006);
2) translation with the help of relative equivalents is processed in the case (Gurevich and Dozorets, 2006);
3) translation with the help of phraseological analogues is topical when the translator translates (Slepovich, 2005).
Emotional expressiveness and brevity of though expression are the most distinctive features of phraseological units. Phraseological units are functioning in the newspaper style, notably in the newspaper headlines due to the fact that newspaper headlines are expressive and concise. As a rule,newspaper headlines grab attention and reflect the attitude towards the events .
It should be noted that phraseological units are frequent phraseological units in the source text and the ability to find a corresponding equivalent during the translation process are the most tangible stages for the translator. However, translator should use phrase-books for the purpose of adequate interpretation and translation of phraseological units and, in addition,the context plays an important role in the translation process.
According to S.S. Kuzmin, interpretation of notional conflicts between literal meaning of phraseological unit components and notional elements of the context, which have a conflict with literal meaning of phraseological unit components, is the most important stage for the translator`s analysis (Kuzmin, 2007).
According to our opinion, it should be expedient to analyse citations, which are functioning in the some citations that are functioning in the Russian language they can be either phraseological units or proverbs. There are some examples of citations and a detailed analysis of their translation: -
lose on the round- -
. These citations are translated with the help of translationanalogues (Kuzmin, 2007).
It should be mentioned that there are some difficulties when the translator interprets or translates.There is an analysis of a situation that one phraseological unit of the source language can have several correspondences in the target language. Therefore, the choice of one of the phraseological examples in the English [1490 Victoria Subbotina / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 70 (2013) 1487 – 1492]language corresponds to the following phraseological synonyms in the Russian language: (Kuzmin, 2007).
According to S.S. Kuzmin, phraseological synonyms are approximately meaningful but imaginary different phraseological units. There are some examples and analyses of the Russian synonyms:and the enumeration of the English synonyms:(Kuzmin, 2007).
Analysing the above mentioned phraseological synonyms, it should be noted that all of these phraseological units have different connotations.It should be noted that the translator has a good opportunity for the choice of a corresponding equivalent from the analysed group of synonyms. As a rule, translation of phraseological units is a difficult stage for the translator and due to this fact authors of their masterpieces try to explain the meanings of phraseological units in the context.
A
comparison with the British and American source texts. While translating opuses in the English language,translators take into account or rely on the context in many cases (Kuzmin, 2007).
Russian translatologist S.S. Kuzmin:
1) translation with the help of a monoequivalent, i.e. translator chooses the English phraseologicalunit that image and meaning coincide with the image and meaning of the Russian phraseological (Muller, 2002);
2) translation with the help of a relative equivalent analogue
English phraseological unit that image does not coincide with the image of the Russian phraseological unit but presentive and logical meanings coincide. For example, the Russian expression - , that means , is rather hard to translate into the English language because the following expressions are existing in the English
language:
. In order to translate this expression and choose the adequate analogue, the translator analyses the context of the source text because these expressions are different in the meanings in the English language;
3) there are some cases when the Russian phraseological unit has several meanings and a corresponding phraseological unit should be chosen by the translator. Therefore, the translator can interpret the meaning of a phraseological unit from the context and choose the best equivalent, for example: can have three meanings:
And (Kuzmin, 2006);
4) phraseological units can be translated with the help of metaphor, in the case when it is necessaryfor the translation process to transfer the image of the Russian phraseological unit: (Kuzmin, 2007);
5) explicatory translation can be used for the translation of phraseological units; however, expressiveness and positive or negative connotation of the sentence can be lost where aphraseological unit is functioning (Kuzmin, 2007).1491Victoria Subbotina / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 70 (2013) 1487 – 1492Explicatory translation is essential in the case when the translator cannot find either correspondingequivalent, or analogue in the target language but the use of a blue print translation can be the result of soliteralism addition to it, many outstanding linguists and translatologists consider that the use of explicatory translation can deprive the expression of expressiveness and connotation. It is important to point out that the most tangible aspect for our research is th to this fact the explicatory translation helps the translator to avoid their functioning in the target text.
There are some examples from the English language: an expression e should be translated in the following way: , because the literal translation of this expression is and it cannot be interpreted by the Russian readers (Kuzmin, 2007).
Traditionally (following the academician V.V. Vinogradov), phraseological units can be divided into motivated phraseological units and non-motivated phraseological units. There are some examples of motivated phraseological units:
, and non-motivated phraseological units are:
(Kuzmin, 2007).
Our primary target is to analyse the examples of universal phraseological units –
(as) .
Paying a special attention to the translation of phraseological units, it should be explained that translation paraphrasing can be used due to the fact that translator paraphrases proverbs and non-literalperception of its image is expressed. Therefore, translator can use the image (calques) as a building paraphrase the English proverb for the purpose of adequate interpretation and translation, for example, adequate presentive and logical meaning, translation vividness and non-literal perception of the new image of paraphrased English phraseological unit by the recipient. There is an example of a phraseological unit translation with the help of translation paraphrasing: (Kuzmin, 2007).
There is a need in the analysis of the following method of phraseological units` translation blue print, loan translation or, in other words, this is a literal transmission of image that is included into the phraseological unit of the source language. However, this way of translation might be used in the case if
there can be an expression which image is clearly interpreted in the target language. Therefore, there is an
example of the following expression: can be translated with the help of the
Russian calque This is a good example of a loan translation into
the Russian language (Chitalina, 1995).
Translators try to use the English phraseological units for the translation of the Russian
phraseological units that have a negative connotation. The English phraseological units can transfer
negative connotations of the Russian phraseological units during the translation process, for example:
(Kuzmin, 2007).
It is expedient to note that it would be easier for the translator to have a deal with the Russian
.
Phraseological unit has synonyms and
and antonym
or (Kuzmin, 2007). However, it is a primary target for the translator to choose the best
equivalent due to the fact that he/she should reflect the author`s style in the target text.
1492 Victoria Subbotina / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 70 (2013) 1487 – 1492
4. Conclusion
In opinion Ya. I. Retskera the same classification is very convenient for theory and practice of translation, but it takes from it only unities and unions, considering that in relation to these two groups of phraseological units it is necessary to apply unequal methods of transfer. So, the translation of phraseological unity, in his opinion, has to be whenever possible figurative, and a transfer of a phraseological union has to be made mainly by reception of complete transformation.
Vlakhov and Florin note that possibility of achievement of the adequate dictionary translation of phraseological unit depends on ratios between units source language (SL) and the target language (TL). [4]
Phraseological unit has in TL the exact, not depending on a context full-fledged compliance (semantic value + connotations), i.e. the phraseological unit SL equal to the phraseological unit of TL is translated by an equivalent.
Phraseological unit can be transferred to SL this or that compliance, usually with some derogations from an adequate translation, i.e. the phraseological unit of SL approximately equal to the phraseological unit of TL is translated by option (analog). [4]
Phraseological unit has no in TL equivalents, analogs, untranslatable in a dictionary order, i.e. the phraseological unit of SL, unequal to the phraseological unit of TL, is transferred by other, not phraseological means. [4]
Simplifying the scheme, it is possible to tell that phraseological units transfer or the phraseological unit – the phraseological translation, or other means not phraseological transfer. Phraseological equivalents can be two types.
The constant equivalent compliance which is the unique translation and doesn't depend on a context. This type of the translation is called by Ya. I. Retsker "equivalent" in article in which the question of natural compliances at the translation into the native language was for the first time raised. [4] As any equivalent compliance is an equivalent, it is expedient to call the specified type of the translation a mono-equivalent. These compliances can arise as result of a literal translation of English phraseological units, for example:
time is money – «vaqt pul»,
to dance to somebody’s tune - «birovning asabiga o‘ynamoq»,
tired as a dog - «itdek charchamoq»,
dumb as a fish - «baliqqa o‘xshab jim turmoq»,
to kill like a dog - «itdek o‘ldirmoq». [8]
Phraseological units are comparatively stable and semantically unspeakable. Between the extremes of complete motivation and variability of member, words on the one hand and lack of motivation combined with complete stability of the lexical components and grammatical structure on the other hands. There are numeral borderline cases. However the exiting terms,
e.g. set phrases, idioms, word - equivalents, reflect to a certain extent the main debatable issues of phraseology which centre on the disurgent views concerning the nature and essential features of phraseological units as distinguished from the so called free word groups. The term set – phrase implies that the basic criterion of differentiation is stability of the lexical components and grammatical structure of word - group.
The term idioms generally imply that the essential feature of the linguistic units under consideration is idiomatic or lack of motivation. This term habitually used by English and American linguistics is very often treated synonymous with the term "phraseological unit" universally accepted in our country. The term "word equivalent" stresses not only the semantic but also the function is speech as single words. These differences in terminology reflect certain differences in the main criteria used to distinguish between word – groups and specific type of linguistic units generally known as phraseology. These criteria and the ensuring classification are done below. [5, 10]
Phraseological units are habitually defined as non – motivated word groups that can be freely made up in speech but are reproduced as readymade units. This definition proceeds from the assumption that the essential features of phraseological units are stability of the lexical components and lack of motivation. At is consequently assumed that unlike components of free word groups which may vary according to the needs of communication, member words of phraseological units are always reproduced as single unchangeable collocations. [5, 47]
translation, has preserved the image and emotional sensitivity.
The meaning of phraseologisms is in context. Consequently, it is necessary to look it up in a context in order to make sense of the meaning of a particular phrase. In most cases, an interpreter finds alternative or monologues combinations of each language, story or idiom as it relates to the content of the scene, object, national environment and style. Collins, another girl from the "The Woman in White", describes the gentle desire of Laura Ferlone, her lawyer, Mr. Gilmore, who is on the verge of independent living, as follows:
―If I do come again, I hope I shall find you better‖, I said; ―better and happier. God bless you, my dear!‖