1 Comparative Study of English Phraseology

Keywords: translation; source text; target text; phraseological units; contemporary translatology; interpretation

Metaphorical phraseologies are based on various similarities between real and imaginary analogies, and only a person can express other things. In general, most units have an anthropocentric character, that is, they belong to man and things connected with him. These phrases are usually of an evaluative nature. Ratings can be negative or positive. But there are also priceless phrases. Negative rating age similarity:

Babies and sucklings are new, inexperienced people (compare breast milk).
Behavioral analogy: a dog in a manger.
Situation analogy: a round peg in a square hole (or a square peg in a round hole) - a person who is out of place;
Positive rating: strength analogy: a tower of strength.
Significance: A big gun is an important person, a big, strong person.
Non-comparable expressions can be in a linked or unbound structure. There are not many adjectives that are not comparable in English. Units of this type belong mainly to humans;
Dry behind the ears- mature,
Long in the tooth - a sign of old age in horses Quick on the trigger;
Slow on the trigger.
Devices in this structure, that is, phrases with a connected structure, can completely change the meaning of the components. It is rare to change the partial meaning, for example:
Quick on the trigger, slow on the trigger.
Adjective units without conjunctions are two-part expressions; Alive and kicking (in speech) alive and well;
High and mighty - arrogant, with his nose in the sky.
Some adjectives without conjunctions do not belong to individuals; for example: Dead and buried (dead and gone) - a job lost or lost;
In the binding structure, adjective units can refer to both individuals and things. Common or garden - the simplest, simplest;
Connective communication. This type of connection occurs in the following group of phrases;
1 pair of synonymous units Free and easy - free, unforced, High and mighty - arrogant, arrogant;
1. units whose components belong to the semantic field. Alive and kicking - alive and well
Up and doing - diligent, time-saving, dynamic.
Adjective units in the conjunction structure are used as simple and compound sentences.
Daisy; the past is dead and gone (w. m.) it’s well-know, isn’t it, that her circle is very free and easy. (j.g.)
There are also comparative expressions, which are used only for its levels of quality;
More dead than alive - tired to death.
Comparative units have only a connecting word structure. Adjective comparison comes as a determinative and a predicative in speech.
‘‘ You might give me a hand at least, Anne, ’’ she said…. ‘‘ Instead of standing with a face as black as a thunder ’’ (d.c.)
(as) right as rain - 1. in a completely sound, sane mind. 2 in good condition, in place.
“You all right again Roy” the Indian said to him. Roy nodded. “I’m all right, Bob,” he said right as rain “(y. A.)
Thus the function of adjective comparison is consistent with the function of quality. Adverbial compounds are divided into two groups in terms of their semantic properties; quality and condition.
quality adverbial units,
Qualitative adverbial units that represent the process, they are the state and levels of action, units of measurement. State of action to adverbial units. For example: fair and square.
"Judith, the truth must be faced fair and square." (n.c.) Adverbial units also represent the speed of action.
These include "by hook or by crook" - with all the truth and lies; “By leaps and bounds” - with fast, aspirational, violent steps; Hammer and tongs - with zeal and courage; roll up your sleeves; "Tooth and nail" - with all his might;
“And under the control of a few persons, our trusts wax and explotation grows by leaps and bounds.” (Th. D.)
These units represent the incompleteness of the action; “By fits and starts” - intermittent, irregular and
"Off and on" or (on and off) - from time to time, rarely.
"She could get none but broken sleep by fits and starts." (Ch. D.) These units represent the completion of the action;
Hook, line and sinker - completely, completely Lock stock and barrel - completely
"From A to Z" - from beginning to end,
“I was in the mug. I felt for it hook, line and sinker ”. (a.m)
"They were buying his farm from him - lock stock and barrel." (w. f.) Adverbial units of measurement include;
"In large measure" - a significant degree “To a high degree” is very, very urgent.
“She knew Hudson… a slight, middle aged man; his manner restrained, polished to a high degree ”. (a. cronin)
Polysemantic adverbial units also occur;
“Neck and crop” –1. fast, using physical force, violently.
“Practically, I have been thrown out, neck and crop. All my luggage is lost ”. (h. wells)
2. grounded, entirely general; “We’re going neck and crop for fashion”. (ch. d) State adverbial units represent not only the quality of an action, but also the condition of the state in which the action takes place. Several groups of case adverbial units have been identified.
the state in which the action takes place. For example "Rain or shine" - in any case, in spite of everything.
“I have a job which brings in thirty dollars a week, rain or shine”. (I show) Verbal description of the action:
By word of mouth can be expressed verbally.
“He had always a certain shyness in expressing himself by word to mouth.” (W.maughaw)
space (represents the signs of space); "From China to Peru" - from China to Peru, from this end of the world to the end of the world;
"From John O'Groat's to Land's End" - from the north to the south of England, from one end of the country to the other;
time state (represents the time of occurrence of the action);
“In a flash, in less than no time, in the twinkling of an eye, in two shakes” (of a lamb’s tail) - immediately, in the blink of an eye; "In the year dot" - in those days, in those days.
"He was constantly… revivifying theories that had been decently interred in the year dot." (e. wall)
cause holi; in one’s cups -drunk, in the heat of the moment - because of that moment.
“They were all shouting at me to hurry up and in the heat of the moment I forgot to pick up the envelope with the tickets”. (o. w)
goal state; On the off-chance - hopefully, without flow.
"She went to the party on the off-chance that her friends would be there." (l. d) Most adverbial units without conjunctions begin with prepositions;
At (or in] the (very) nick of time - at the last minute;
By word of mouth - on one’s own hook - independently, at one's own risk; With all one’s heart (and soul) - sincerely, sincerely.
There are also a small number of adverbial units without conjunctions used only in the negative form;
Not a shot in the locker - a penny, no money.
The following structural types of adverbial units can be distinguished according to the number of components;
Two-component units.
Hammer and tongs - energetic, with all their might; High and low - everywhere.
Off and on (or on and off) - from time to time, with a break. Three-component units;
Between the upper and neither millstones - in a difficult situation.
Many metaphorical units, beginning with the verbs to be and to have, describe the state of a person. For example:
Be in smooth water - overcoming difficulties, difficulties.
Be on one’s bones (in oral speech) - to be in a difficult financial situation, to reach the end point.
Be (or have) one’s head in the clouds - to fly to the heavens, to be away from the earth.
Have a bone in one's throat.
…. “Give us a chance, constable; I’m right on my bones. ” (y.g)
In addition to the units formed by the verb to be, there are also units beginning with the verb to get in the lexical structure. Such units represent the transition from one state to another. For example; be in hot water - to be in trouble, get into hot water - to be in trouble, be in somebody’s bad books - to be on someone’s bad list, to dislike someone, to get into somebody’s bad books - to lose someone’s respect. Verb phraseologies can have different structures. The combination of the simplest noun and the verb:
eat crow;
raise cain - to make noise.
The horse can be identified with a definite and indefinite article; Bear a cross- to carry a cross;
Drop a brick - to allow chaos;
Miss the bus is a missed opportunity. Take the plunge.
Some introductory units have a modal meaning. For example Of course
At all - absolutely absolutely Not at all
Not in the least
And no mistake - without a doubt By no means
Not a bit - not at all.
Not for the world - nothing in the world On no account - never.
Their modality is expressed in the interpretation of emphasis or denial.
Proverbs are always talk. It has a didactic purpose (teaching, warning, etc.). unlike other types of units, proverbs are usually complex. In context, a proverb can come as an independent sentence or as part of a compound sentence. For example:
“The proof of the pudding is in the eating” - To know what a pudding is, you have to eat it, everything is seen in practice,
“They will tell you that the proof of the pudding is in the eating, and they are right.” (G. Show.)
Because some English proverbs are long sentences.
“A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush”, “He should have a long spoon that sups with the devil”.
Also, many articles are short and to the point. Proverbs that are long, that is, lexemes, have a tendency to become obsolete. For example
The proverb “Measure they cloth ten times, thou canst cut it but once” is abbreviated
Measure thrice and cut once. The archaisms in the proverb make them obsolete. Phraseology is a two-sided linguistic unit consisting of a dialectical unit of form and content. The formal aspect of phraseology is the word (not the lexeme). Their content is meaningful. The meaning is very complex, some being denotative, as in lexemes, while others have only grammatical meaning. For example, the phraseology, which belongs to the group of independent words, has a denotative meaning: however, such independent phrases serve only a grammatical function.
It is often said that the meaning of phraseology is the same as the meaning of a lexeme. But they are never equal. If phraseology and lexemes had the same meaning, then phraseology would be superfluous. For example, let's compare the
meaning of a lexeme with the phraseologism (holding the collar) with the phraseologism (holding the collar). While this phraseology is "overwhelmed and surprised by something unexpected or incomprehensible," the lexeme (surprise) has the semantic "affected by something unexpected or incomprehensible." In both cases there is a denotation. However, in the sense of phraseology, it differs from the lexeme of "amazement" in that it has the semantics of "extreme" and "style of speech" and "coloring". This means that phraseology is often characterized by figurativeness and color. In general, the meaning is narrower and more specific, and the meaning of a lexeme is broader and more abstract. For example, the (to be surprised) lexeme is general and colorless. This in itself shows that it can be used in all styles and can be used with different "paints".
It seems that phraseology and lexemes, although they refer to the same thing or event (although the noun semantics are the same), are very different in their expressive colors (i.e., the semantic expressions are different).
Phraseology consists of more than one independent word. But its meaning is not a simple sum of its constituent meanings. For example, the meaning of the phraseology (put your hand on) is a synthesis of the meanings of the lexemes (put on, put on), not put on. The meaning of a phraseology is formed when the word that makes it up is used in full or in part in a figurative sense. For example, trying to find out what someone thinks is like trying to figure out what's going on. As a result, the free combination of handshake specializes in expressing another content that is similar to the one in which it is understood, and the device becomes a phraseology. Or what happens if a person drops a watermelon in his armpit? The situation of a person who is depressed about something is similar, and the free combination has the essence of phraseology. That fact must be taken into account. CONCLUSION
Some words in phraseology can be used figuratively, while others can be used in their own sense. E.g. words in their own sense, (eat), (paint), (fall), (in the ear) words in a figurative sense.
Sometimes a device that expresses the result of an action becomes phraseology. For example, a person may bite his finger out of regret. That's why fingerprinting is so important. These include teething, straight hair, and puffy lips. Some idioms are also formed on the basis of different religious beliefs, concepts, and narrations: 1. I saw her husband. (I. Rahim) 2. Do I want to leave everyone and touch your soldier's son? (M.Muham.) 3. The statements of both the "victim" and the witnesses in the tail bag demanded that such questions be asked. (M. Ism.) Phraseology is basically the same thing. But polysemanticity is also found in phraseology. For example, the phraseology (reasonable) means "to comprehend", "to convince", the phrase (to admit) has 3 meanings - "to blame someone", "to prove", to "do something" to make oneself submissive in a way”.