1 savol Comparative Typology operates at all levels of language hierarchy without exception

1 savol Comparative Typology operates at all levels of language hierarchy without exception. In other words, it can compare the units of phonetic, phonological, morphological, syntactic and lexical levels In comparison with other levels the given level is more isolated and at the same time, its sections are more developed from the typological point of view. Inside the phonological level, actually phonologic and phonetic sublevels are identified.Phonetic and phonological typology deals with thecomparison of units of the phonologic lev­el of language. It engages in theallocation of phonological differential signs, defining their universality, study of thephonological structure of languages, classification of lan­guages on the basis of their phonological features (e.g. tonic and atonic languages), defining thephonemic structure of world languages and many others. For a long time,the Prague linguistic school was the center of Phonological typology.
2 savol Phonetics broadly deals with two aspects of human speech: production—the ways humans make sounds—and perception—the way speech is understood. The communicative modality of a language describes the method by which a language produces and perceives languages Phonetics is the study of human sounds and phonology is the classification of the sounds within the system of a particular language or languages.
• Phonetics is divided into three types according to the production (articulatory), transmission (acoustic) and perception (auditive) of sounds.
• Three categories of sounds must be recognised at the outset: phones (human sounds), phonemes (units which distinguish meaning in a language), allophones (non-distinctive units).
• Sounds can be divided into consonants and vowels. The former can be characterised according to 1) place, 2) manner of articulation and 3) voice (voiceless or voiced). For vowels one uses a coordinate system called a vowel quandrangle within which actual vowel values are located.
• Phonotactics deals with the combinations of sounds possible and where sounds can occur in a syllable.
• The major structure for the organisation of sounds is the syllable. It consists of an onset (beginning), a rhyme (everything after the beginning) which can be sub-divided into a nucleus (vowel or vowel-like centre) and a coda (right-edge).
• Prosody is concerned with features of words and sentences above the level of individual sounds, e.g. stress, pitch, intonation. Stress is frequently contrastive in English.
• The unstressed syllables of English show characteristic phonetic reduction and words containing this are called weak forms.
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