About their problems. They try to find answers for their problems together. For example

take off : çikarmak; (uçak) havalanmak, kalkmak; (birini) taklit etmek

turn into: 1. olmak, kesilmek, -e dönmek, -e dönüşmek. 2. -e çevirmek, -e dönüştürmek, -e değiştirmek. 3. -e tercüme etmek, -e çevirmek.

94 SKYSCRAPERS

If someone asked you where the skyscraper was born, what would you answer? Most people would probably say New York City, but they would be wrong. Chicago was the birthplace of the skyscraper.

Dictionaries define a skyscraper as "a building of great height which is constructed on a steel skeleton." The first building to fit that description was the Home Insurance Company Building. It was built in Chicago in 1884. It was 10 storeys, i.e. floors, high - a great height for that time. It had a strong framework (structure) of iron and steel instead of walls of stone to support it.

The Home Insurance Company Building does not exist any more they pulled it down in 1931, but visitors to the city can still see other early Chicago skyscrapers. One of them is the 16-storey Reliance Building, which was completed in 1894. The Reliance Building had windows that, for the first time, covered almost the entire surface.

For many years, Chicago was behind New York in the construction of skyscrapers. It got back into the competition with buildings like the John Hancock Center, built in 1968. There are luxury flats on forty-nine of the Center's 100 floors. Sometimes people who live on a high floor look out on a sunny sky while those on the downstairs floors can watch the rain from their windows.

Architects and engineers have the technology to build even taller structures, but to do this, they must find the money for them and these new skyscrapers should not harm the environment.

Back in 1956, the famous architect Frank Lloyd Wright dreamed of a skyscraper of 528 floors. He planned to build it near the shore of Lake Michigan in Chicago. Wright's dream never became a reality, but who knows? Someday somebody may build his tower in the city where the skyscraper was born.

got back : geri dön

look out : den dışarı bakmak. 2. sakınmak. 3. for -e dikkat etmek, -i gözetmek.
95 TEMPERATE CLIMATES
There are many different types of climate in the world. This article discusses the various types of temperate climates, that is, the climates that are free from very high and very low temperatures.

The world's temperate regions are divided into warm and cool zones. In the warm temperate zones, the average temperature does not drop below 6⁰C in the coldest month of the year. This is the lowest possible temperature necessary for growing plants all year round. There are two different kinds of warm temperate regions. One is the western or Mediterranean type (dry, hot summers and mild, wet winters) found on the western coasts and across southern Europe. The other kind is called the eastern or China type. This kind of climate is influenced by winds and is wetter, with mild winters and hot, humid summers.

The cool temperate zones, on the other hand, have a cold season. There are as many as five months a year when the average temperature goes below 6⁰C. There are two different kinds of cool temperate zones. One type is called a maritime zone, with frequent changes in weather conditions. The other is called a continental region, with warmer summers and cold winters.
as many as: e kadar çok

96 THE PEN

Man has never been satisfied with simply talking. For some reason he has always considered his ideas to be so important that he has always tried to find ways to record them on paper Man has developed many systems of writing; he also developed various tools with which to write.

One of the first instruments developed by man for writing was the stylus. It was a sharp instrument made of bone or metal, and with it the writer could make marks on stone or wood. It was used for thousands of years and was very practical.

The idea of using pen and ink was developed by the Egyptians. Their version of the pen was made from bamboo. They sharpened one end of the stem (or the body) to make a nib; that is, the point which you write with. Then they filled the empty part of the stem with ink and forced the ink onto the nib. It was a good idea, but when paper was later introduced, a much finer instrument was needed.

The problem was solved with the introduction of the quill pen. The quill is a large feather from the wing or tail of a bird. The quill also gave us the word ‘pen’ - feather in Latin is penna. Because this pen was a feather, however, it had to be sharpened quite often. A special instrument was made for this purpose, the penknife.

The quill was used from the 6th through the 18th century, but in the 19th century a machine was invented which successfully made a nib out of metal and which, thus, solved the problem of sharpening. The nib could be fitted into a holder and dipped into a bottle of ink. Finally, in 1884, a young American, Lewis Waterman, found a way of putting the ink into the holder, and the fountain pen as we know it was complete.

Although the fountain pen was very popular, a more popular kind of pen was introduced in 1943. This was the ball-point pen, invented by Laszlo Biro, an Argentinian.

97 POPULAR vs. QUALITY NEWSPAPERS
Students of English as a foreign language often ask teachers which newspaper to read. They naturally suppose that reading an English Newspaper will be a good way of improving their knowledge of the language. But they are frequently disappointed because they cannot understand popular newspapers and think the 'quality’ newspapers will be even more difficult.

In fact, the opposite is usually the case. Popular newspapers are written for people who haven't got much time for reading and who, perhaps, do not read as fast or enjoy reading as much as people who buy ‘quality' newspapers. So, the editors try to attract the readers' attention with sensational headlines in big black type. The headlines do not explain the content of the news item underneath. On the contrary, they are often designed to puzzle the reader so that he will be persuaded to read the item to find out the meaning of the headline! Apart from that, they use double meanings, so a foreign reader is usually confused by them. Editors are also afraid that the readers will not be patient enough to read a long paragraph. Therefore, almost every sentence becomes a paragraph in itself, which is also a disadvantage for the student of English as a foreign language.


find out: çözmek, kesfetmek, anlamak, ögrenmek, ortaya çikarmak; suç üstü yakalamak

Apart from: -den başka,
98 ACID RAIN (1)
Acid rain is caused by burning coal or oil. When either fuel is burned, it releases poisonous gases which are carried up into the atmosphere and sometimes transported long distances.

Over 3000 research projects have been carried out to look into acid rain, and a decision to tackle the problem has been taken in most of the Western European countries. Measures have been taken in Scandinavia and in Central Europe to stop the pollution before it is dumped on the environment: and a diplomatic campaign has been launched to convince the other countries that the problem has to be considered as a major ecological threat.

"Five years ago this issue was not being treated seriously," says one leading environmental group, "but now that damage has been reported in large areas of forest and lakeland, our politicians are being forced to take action. This problem must be solved quickly: if governments do nothing, they will be faced in two or three years' time with the accusation that they have allowed our forests to die." A major international initiative to combat acid rain is expected in the near future.

carried out: 1. yerine getirmek, gerçekten yapmak; uygulamak, tatbik etmek. 2. (birini/bir şeyi) dışarıya taşımak.

look into: -e bakmak, -i araştırmak, -i incelemek, -i soruşturmak.