Assessment of motivational patterns of women entrepreneurs in ngo sector and their impact on economic development case Study
McDougall and Oviatt (1997). “International Entrepreneurship Literation in the 1990s
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McDougall and Oviatt (1997). “International Entrepreneurship Literation in the 1990sand directions for Future Research” In Sexton, D. L. and Smilor, R. (Eds),Entrepreneurship, Up stair Publish.Minniti, M. and Arenius, P. (2003). “ Women in Entrepreneurship”. The Entrepreneurial Advantage of Nations: First Annual Global Entrepreneurship Symposium, United Nations Publications, April.
Model in Fostering Economic Development)”. The National Educational Center for Women in Business. Ogundele, O. J and Opeifa, A. Z. (2003). “Factors that Influence the Emergence, Behaviour and Performance of Entrepreneurs in Nigeria”, The Abuja Management Review, Vol.1, Issue No. 2, June. Ogunleye, G. A. (2004).Small and Medium Scale Enterprises as Foundation for Rapid Economic Development in Nigeria. In Small and Medium Enterprises Development and SMIEIS, Effective Implementation Strategies (Ed.), By Ojo, A. T. Lagos, Maryland Finance Company and Consultancy Service Ltd. Olutunla, G. T.(2001). “Entrepreneurship for Economic Development:. Inaugural Lecture Series 27, Delivered at the Federal University of Technology, Akure, Thursday, 26th April. Ojo, J.A.T. (2004). (ed.), Small and Medium Enterprises Development and SMIES Effective Implementation Strategies, Lagos: The CIBN Press. Ojo, J.A.T. (2006). “Using SMEs To Achieve Millennium Development Goals: Challenges and Prospects”, Covenant Journal of Business and Social Sciences, Vol. No 1, December. Okunade, E. O. (2007). “Influence of Leadership Role on Women Activites in Women based Rural Development Projects in Osun State”. Research Journal of Social Sciences. Vol 2, 14-22. Otokiti, S. O. (1985). “Import Substitution in Strategic Industries (a Case Study of Nigeria)”. Master of Philosophy Dissertation Submitted to the University of Delhi, New Delhi, India. Otokiti, S. O. (1987). “High Technology in Small Scale Industries: A Comparative Study of Nigeria and Industrialized Countries”. A Ph.D. Thesis submitted to University of Delhi,New Delhi, India. Oyekanmi (2004). “Concepts of Equity Financing and Its Implication For SMIEIS” In CBN Seminar On Small and Medium Industries Equity Investments Scheme, http/www.CBN/Org./2004/Maritime. Ozar, S. (2002). “Barriers to Women’s Micro and Small Enterprise Success in Turkey”, Center for Policy studies, Central European University and Open Society Institute Bogazici University. Peacock, R. W. (2004). Understanding Small Business: Practice, Theory and Research. Adelaide: Scarman Publishing. Schumpeter, J. (1934) The Theory of Economic Development. Cambridge. M. A. Harvard University. Schutte, J.L., Boshoff, A.B. & Bennett, H.F. (1995). Measuring the Effectiveness of the Women Entrepreneurship: An Investigation into Curriculum Alignment towards Building Capacity, Entrepreneurship Research pp. 669-687. Wellesley, MA: Babson. College.
Point?”. Small Enterprise Development, Vol.8, March. Stevenson, L. (1990). “Some Methodological Problems Associated with Researching Women Entrepreneurs”. Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 9, Pp 439-446. Thomson, S. (2002). “Women’s Entrepreneurship Development in Micro and Small Enterprises, A case Study in the Ukraine”. A Paper Presented to the School of International Training, International Studies, Organizations, and Social Justice, Geneva, Switzerland, May, 6. Udechukwu, I. (2004). “Survey of Small and Medium Scale Industries and Their Potentials in Nigeria” In CBN Seminar On Small and Medium Industries Equity Investments Scheme, http/www.CBN/Org./2004/Maritime. United Nation (2006). “Entrepreneurship and e-Business Development for Women”. United Nations Pulicactions,Thailand, United Nations Publication, Usman, L. K. (2008). “Women Entrepreneurship: An Exploration of Factors Militating Against Active Participation of African Rural Women”. Paper Presented at the African Entrepreneurship Seminar Held at the Transcorp Hilton, Abuja from 31st to 2nd April. Wang, C., Walker, E. A. and Redmond, J. (2006). “Ownership Motivation and Strategic Planning in Small Business”. Journal of Asia Entrepreneurship and Sustainability, Vol. 11, Issue 4. Wiklund, J and Shepherd, D. A. (2005). Entrepreneurial Small Business: A Resource- Based Perspective. Chelternham, UK: Edward Elger Publishing. Yves, R., McGraw, E and Alain, R. (2001). “Toward the Development of a Measuring Instrument for Entrepreneurial Motivation”, Journal of Development Entrepreneurship. August.1-9. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Introduction This section is divided into; conceptual issues, theoretical literature, empirical literature and theoretical framework. Under the conceptual issues, the views of different authors in relation to SMEs, entrepreneurship, motivation, women entrepreneurship and government issues on SMEs. The theoretical literature looks at the theories of entrepreneurship, motivation and feminism, empirical literaure looks at the results and reports of previous works on the motivational patterns of women entrepreneurs and their performance, challenges, types of business ownership and environmental factors and women empowerment are reviewed while theoretical framework looked at theoretical underpin of the study. 2.1 Conceptual Issues 2.1.1 Definition, Classification, Size and Characteristics of SMEs Sector The concept of SMEs is dynamic and relative (Otokiti, 1985; Olorunshola, 2004; Ogunleye, 2004). Several institutions and agencies defined SMEs differently with parameters such as employee’s size, asset base, turnover, financial strength, working capital and size of the business (Olutunla, 2001). Against expectation from most Nigerian literatures on the lack of a comprehensive definition on structure of industries particularly small scale industries, Otokiti (1987) had presented a differential definition between cottage and tiny, small industry and high small industries by comparing the position of South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, some Arab countries. He also x-rayed OECD and UNCTAD concept to develop a more acceptable definition for Nigeria. According to Otokiti (1987) The cottage and tiny industries are the traditional hand and light mechanically operated industry consisting of hand yarn producers, weavers of Aso-oke Kente and the Agbede (Iron Smith ), carpenter and handcrafts and mostly depending on non-imported technology, with little capital investment which normally does not exceed N1,000 or about $550 but employing not more than 10 persons and mostly located within the residential unit of the entrepreneurs. The small industry are those units having capital investment above N1,000 ($550) but not more than N500,000 or $277,778 having a factory shed normally located in the residential place of the entrepreneurs employing modern power operated equipment and machinery. In their activities, they employed more that 10 persons but not above 199 employees. The special class small industry ( not small scale) are those with investment capital exceeding N1 Million located in most of the industrial estate of Lagos, Ibadan, Kano, Kaduna Aba, and Benin employing more than 100 person. This criteria might have benefited from NIBD and and NBC financial assistance at various stages of these institution before 1984. it’s also stated that “Henceforth, only promoters and projects that are in tune with the bank new strategy will be entertained Apart from the above definition, Nigerian Industrial Policy 1989 defined SMEs as ‘enterprise whose investment in working capital is between N100,000 and N2m excluding cost of land’. CBN Monetary Policy Circular No. 22 of 1998 defined SMEs as any enterprise whose investments including land and working capital is less than N300,000 and annual turnover is less than N5m. The Nigerian Industrial Development Bank (NIDB) also defined small enterprise as an enterprise that has investment and working capital not exceeding N750,000 and medium enterprise as one with N750,000 to N3m. The Federal Ministry of Industry Guidelines to Nigerian Bank for Commerce and Industries (NBCI) also defined it as business with a total cost not exceeding N500,000 (excluding cost of land but including working capital). Centre for Industrial Research and Development (CIRD) of the Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife defined SMEs as an enterprise with capital base not exceeding N250,000 and employing and employing on full time basis, 50 workers or less. Also, according to National Economic Reconstruction Fund (NERFUND), SMEs is an enterprise that has its investment to be less than N10m excluding the cost of land. NBCI defined SMEs as business with total capital not exceeding N750,000 (excluding cost of land but including working capital). New Industrial Policy for Nigeria also defined SMEs as enterprises with total investment of between N100,000 and N2m excluding cost of capital but including working capital (Guidelines for the Small- Scale Industries Investment Equity Scheme (SMIEIS) 2001; Ogunleye 2004). Another definition of SMEs that worth adopting is that of National Council on Industry (NCI) which in 1992 streamlined the various definitions of SMEs and agreed to change it every 4 years. Before 1992, different government agencies in the country adopted different definitions for SMEs reflecting differences in the policy focus of the agencies (Olutunla, 2001; Olorunshola, 2003; Ojo, 2006). In 1992, NCI defined small scale business as enterprises with fixed assets above N1m but not exceeding N10m, excluding working capital and medium scale business as enterprises with fixed assets that is more than N10m and less than N40m including working capital but excluding cost of land. In 1996, it defined small scale business as enterprises with more than N1m but less than N10m excluding cost of land and including working capital and a labour size of between 11 and 35 workers while medium scale enterprises should have over N40m and less than N150m as fixed assets including working capital and excluding cost of land and labour size should be between 36 and 100 workers (Olorunshola, 2004). The 13th meeting of the National Council on Industry held in July 2003 adopted a conclusive definitions for micro-, small-, and medium-scale enterprises (Udechukwu, 2004). In furtherance of this, NCI (2001) offered the following definitions for micro, small medium and large scale enterprises in Nigeria. (i) Micro/Cottage Industry: An industry with a labour size of not more than 10 workers and total cost of not more than N1.50 million, including working capital but excluding cost of land. (ii) Small-Scale Industry: An industry with a labour size of 11-100 workers or a total cost of not more than N50 million, including working capital but excluding cost of land. (iii) Medium Scale Industry: An industry with a labour size of between 101-300 workers or a total cost of over N50 million but not more than N200 million, including working capital but excluding cost of land. (iv) Large Scale: An industry with a labour size of over 300 workers or a total cost of over N200 million, including working capital but excluding cost of land. National Council on Industry (2001) definition of micro, small, medium and large scale enterprises in Nigeria can be represented in the diagram as in figure 1. Figure: 1 Definition of Enterprises D  efinition of Enterprises
 
(i) Micro/Cottage Industry An industry with a labour size of not more than 10 workers, or total cost of not more than N1.50 million, including working capital but excluding cost of land. (ii) Small-Scale Industry An industry with a labour size of 11-100 workers or a total cost of not more than N50 million, including working capital but excluding cost of land (iii) Medium-Scale Industry An industry with a labour size of 101-300 workers or a total cost of over N50 million but not more than N200 million, including working capital but excluding cost of land. (iv) Large Scale Industry An industry with a labour size of over 300 workers or a total cost of over N200 million, including working capital but excluding cost of land. Source: Adopted from NCI (2001) and modified by the Researcher. The above diagram shows the definitions of micro, small, medium and large industry according to National Council on Industry . The size cut-off point of SMEs for this study can also be based on a recommendation from the African Development Bank, which defines SMEs as having less than 50 employees. The above definitions show that there is no universal definition of SMEs. However, for the purpose of this research work, the definition of SMEs given by NCI 2001 which defined SMEs as establishment with less than N20m (excluding cost of land and working capital) and has up to 10 employees and less than 300 employees (Oyekanmi, 2004) is adopted. Although different government agencies still utilize slightly different definitions as seen in Tables 1, 2 and 3 the definition adopted by the National Council on Industry appears to be broad enough to accommodate all the other definitions. The above definitions can be compared with those obtainable from developed countries which are summarized in Table 1 overleaf. Table 1. Definition of SMEs in other Nations
Source: (i) Confederation of Asia Pacific Chamber of Commerce and Industry – Journal of Commerce and Industry, Vol. 11, 1994. (ii) Oyekanmi (2004) Concepts of Equity Financing and its implication for SMIEIS. The above definition of SMEs from different countries of the world can be compared with the definition of enterprises offered by International Finance Corportion (IFC), Central Bank of Nigeria, National Association of Small Scale Insdustries and National Counsel oo Industry. Table 2. Definition of Enterprises by Number of Employees, Nigeria
Source: http://www.nigeriabusinessinfo.com/news/htm Among these institutions, the definition of SMEs offered by NCI will be adopted for this research work. The adoption of this definition is based on the fact that it is more comprehensive than others as it covers all the criteria and characteristics of small and medium businesses used by other institutions in defining SMEs. TABLE 3. SMEs ASSET (EXCLUDING COST OF LAND)- BASED Classification
Source: International Finance Corporation (IFC) publications (2001) b. Alison (2006) In a summary, Otokiti, (1987) gave a more detailed and comprehensive definition of small industry using the number of employees and amount of investment. This is presented in a tabular form as follows; Table 4: Summary of International Definitions Used for Small Industries
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