Bibliography: Land Degradation in South Africa project

C.London:Panos, 1991,p. 27-38.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : LAND DEGRADATION; RESTORATION; ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY; POLITICAL

ASPECTS; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS; DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT

Abstract : In this overview of rural South Africa, Francis Wilson, Director of

the Southern African Labour and Development Research Unit, traces the sources of

the problems and suggests some broad strategies for reversing ecological

decline.

Ref ID : 1209

2187. Wilson, F. and Ramphele, M. Uprooting poverty: the South African

challenge. Report for the Second Carnegie Inquiry into poverty and development

in Southern Africa.Anonymous Cape Town:David Phillip. :34-51, 1989.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : POVERTY; ECONOMIC ASPECTS; RURAL DEVELOPMENT; COMMUNAL AREA;

POPULATION; ENERGY; HYDROLOGY; WATER QUALITY; SOUTHERN AFRICA; FIRE

Notes : This article describes the deterioration of South Africa's population's

chances of quality of life in terms of the elements of earth, fire and water.

The land is rapidly diminishing, due to a rapidly expanding population. What

land is there, is being ravaged. Fire and the fuel that feeds it can no longer

be guaranteed. The implications of this are detailed. Clean water for survival

purposes is similarly threatened.

Ref ID : 509

2188. Wischmeier, W. and Smith, D. Predicting rainfall erosion losses.

Agriculture Handbook.Anonymous Anonymous Washington:United States Department of

Agriculture. (37), 1978.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; RAINFALL EROSIVITY; MODELS

Ref ID : 1967

2189. Wiseman, K., Burns, M., and Vernon, C. Estuaries of the Cape, Part II.

Report no. 42: Nahoon (CSE44) Qinira (CSE45) and Gqnube (CSE46). CSIR research

reports.Anonymous Pretoria:CSIR. 441, 1993.

Reprint : Not in File,

Ref ID : 2378

2190. Wiseman, K. and Eberhard, A. Technology, community and water supply: case

studies in Kwa-Zulu and Transkei. Development Southern Africa 5(2), 1988.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : KWAZULU; TRANSKEI; RURAL DEVELOPMENT; WATER CONSERVATION; WATER

QUALITY

Notes : The provision of clean, portable supplies of water is one of the most

critical problems in under-developed rural areas. The purpose of the paper is

therefore to describe and discuss village water supply projects in KwaZulu and

Transkei with respect to the technologies that are applied and the community

considerations that facilitate successful schemes in terms of the adequacy and

reliability of the supply. In the Transkei, a number of village water schemes

were taken as case studies, and these schemes were described and evaluated in

terms of four broad criteria. These are: quality of water, quantity of water,

distance and reliability of water sources. The results of the case studies in

the Transkei show that centrally administered maintenance services in the

Transkei were untenable in providing an adequate service, due to logistical,

financial and administrative difficulties. The unreliability of pump schemes in

the Transkei, was due to inappropriate technology choices and failure of water

supply planners in the area to addess the community context of water supply

schemes. The study suggests that the selection of appropriate technology for

village water supplies in the area is of paramount importance. The selection

process should include an assessment of the potential of the technology for

village level maintenance, as well as its ability to meet village water needs.

The performance of the schemes must be determined by the level of training and

advice given to the community and its chosen pump case taker. The community

considerations that must be taken into account should include the establishment

of communication links between villages and administrative services, the water

needs of the community, the provision of village level servicing, and the

maintenance facilities for appropriate water supply technologies. This article

can be obtained from the University of Fort Hare library. See ref. I.D. no:

2339.

Ref ID : 907

2191. Wood, J. Conservation status of west and south coast renosterveld. Use and

management symposium held on 30/31 August 1994, Tygerberg Nature Reserve,

Environmental Education Centre. 1994.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : CONSERVATION; DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT; LAND USE; WESTERN CAPE;

RENOSTERVELD

Ref ID : 1251

2192. Wooding, J.G. and Ludick, B.P. 'n Evaluasie van die oppervlaktes tans

onder bewerking, die opervlaktes onder veld en die opervlaktes nie-beskikbaar

vir landbou in die land tipes en redelik homogene boerderygebiede van die

Hoerveldstreek. Pretoria:Departement van Landbou-ontwikkeling, 1992.pp. 1-9.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : CULTIVATION

Abstract : An evaluation of the areas at present under cultivation, the areas

under veld and the areas unavailable for agriculture in the landtypes and

reasonable homogenous farming areas of the highveld region. A calculation was

done during 1991 of the areas at present under cultivation, veld and unavailable

for agriculture in the land types and reasonably homogeneous farming areas

(RHFAs) of the Highveld Region.

Ref ID : 680

2193. Worth, S.H. The management of agricultural development in Bophuthatswana

since 1972.University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg. , 1993. Since 1972, the

Republic of Bophuthatswana has expended millions of Rands on agricultural

development. Such expenditure warrants an examination of the management of the

development process and the results achieved. The purpose of this thesis is to

assess the management of agricultural development and the results thereof in

Bophuthatswana since 1972. This thesis focuses on three areas: development

theory; management practice; and the needs of the farming community. Selected

groups of farmers involved on State funded and/or managed agricultural

development projects were interviewed to establish farmer perceptions on the

effectiveness of development actions. Policy was tested against farmers'

opinions and development theory practised elsewhere in the developing world.

Management practices were tested against classical management principles. It

was found that agricultural development in Bophuthatswana has not been well

managed. Development objectives were inappropriate. Objectives and strategies

were inconsistent. Planning was done for and not with with farmers. No

effective system of control was implemented.Master of Agricultural Management.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT; BOPHUTHATSWANA; COMMUNAL AREA; POLICY

Notes : Abstract in file.

Ref ID : 2496

2194. Wotshela, L. and Beinart, W. A preliminary investigation into land-related

issues in Zweledinga and some of its neighbouring Hewu Settlements in the former

northern Ciskei.Anonymous East London:BRC Report. , 1995.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : CISKEI; LAND USE; SETTLEMENT IMPACTS; RURAL DEVELOPMENT

Notes : The purpose was to investigate land-related issues in the Zweledinga and

neighbouring Hewu settlements in the former northern Ciskei. A case study was

conducted on the two settlements and this was supported by secondary sources on

information. The research found various patterns of behaviour pertaining to

settlement development land use and occupation, aspirations on land allocation.

In both settlements, there is not sufficient land. Rural villages in Zweledinga

became overcrowded. Many people live in dilapidated houses without basic

services and with little infrastructure. The authors argued that at present no

large natural avenue for expansion of Zweledinga settlements exists. The

authors suggested that much attention should be focused on the development of

four recently acquired farms: Langedraai, Gallawater, Woodburn and Diep River.

Future settlement programmes need to be designed very carefullly so that

overcrowding of rural villages can be avoided. This report can be obtained from

the BRC Resource Centre, East London. See also ID ref. no. 2339.

Ref ID : 1911

2195. WWF Climate changes: southern Africa. Washington:Climate Change & Soy

Inks. , 1997.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : CLIMATE; CLIMATE CHANGE; SOUTHERN AFRICA; NATURE RESERVES; POLLUTION

Notes : This article is built on the foundation of the following facts: (1)

temperatures in southern Africa have risen by over 0.5o over the past hundred

years, with the last decade being the warmest and driest ever; (2) between 15

and 20% of the large nature reserves in southern Africa would experience a

change in biome (habitat type) under all three climate change scenarios; (3)

climatic changes will alter natural vegetation, wildlife habitats, crop growing

seasons, and the distribution of pests and diseases; (4) scientists agree that

air pollution from human activities is partly responsible for global warming;

and (5) global warming will expose millions of people to new health risks. From

these facts, three themes emerge, which are addressed in the article: (a)

warmer; (b) drier; and (c) less predictability.

Ref ID : 419

2196. Xu, Y. and Reynders, A.G. A three tier approach to protect groundwater

resources in South Africa. Water SA 21(3):177-186, 1995.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : HYDROLOGY

Abstract : The quality of groundwater is affected by many activities occurring

on the surface of the earth. A pro-active protection approach is required to

avoid the costly and technologically difficult exercise of groundwater

remediation. This paper reviews various approaches for groundwater protection

and documents recent developments in this field. A comprehensive protection

strategy consists of many elements, ranging from the protection of entire

aquifers to localised water-supply sources. A three-tier protection concept,

with the emphasis on a zoning approach, is proposed for South Africa. This will

facilitate the protection of groundwater at various levels (national, regional

and local) and will ensure that protection needs in the short, medium and long

term are addressed.

Ref ID : 1324

2197. Yawitch, J. Betterment the myth of homeland agriculture.Anonymous

Anonymous Johannesburg:South African Institute of Race Ralations. :1-101, 1981.

0 86982 2004.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : LABOUR; POLICY

Notes : This publication has been organised as follows: The relationship that

the institution of migrant labour and racial allocation of land has to reserve

agriculture has been examined first. Then the historical development of

betterment has been traced culminating in an examination of the Tomlinson

Commission. Only then has the contemporary application of betterment and the

fieldwork that comprise the body of the research been discussed. It is noted

that the criticisms that are made about agricultural planning, are not

criticisms that are intended to reflect in any way on the capabilities of

extension workers and agricultural officials, they are rather intended as

criticisms of a structure and policy that has to be seen as part of the

development of South African society as a whole.

Ref ID : 1043

2198. Yeaton, R.I. Porcupines, fires and the dynamics of the tree layer of the

Burkea Africana savanna. Journal of Ecology 76:1017-1029, 1988.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : PLANT-ANIMAL INTERACTIONS; SAVANNA; FIRE; VEGETATION DYNAMICS;

DROUGHT; GRASSLAND

Notes : (1) The tree layer of the Eragrostis pallens-Burkea africana savanna is

composed primarily of Terminalia sericea and B. africana with other tree species

occurring infrequently. Burkea africana is dominant on well drained soils at

the upper portions of a soil catena, co-dominant with T. sericea at midslope and

replaced on seasonally waterlogged soils at the base of the slope by T. sericea.

(2) There is a successional process occurring within the tree layer. Terminalia

sericea establishes only on open sites and never under itself or other members

of the tree layer. Burkea africana establishes on open site, under T. sericea

and under itself. Dombeya rotundifolia, another common tree, establishes under

B. africana but not under T. sericea or itself and never in the open. The other

tree species esbablish either under the canopies of large individuals of B.

africana or on termite mounds. (3) The general successional sequence is T.

sericea followed by B. africana and later D. rotundifolia or other shade-

tolerant tree species. The actual successional sequence varies over the slope.

In the upper portions, where T. sericea is uncommon, B. africana initiates the

sequence and is followed by more shade-tolerant species. At the base of the

slope, T. sericea is dominant since it is able to withstand the seasonally

waterlogged soils there. During long periods of drought B. africana may

establish secondarily. Other tree species rarely establish in this zone and

then usually upon termite mounds. (4) A mature, closed-canopy woodland does not

develop due to the disturbance by porcupines and fire. Porcupines ringbark trees

and expose the heartwood to fire. They preferentially attack D. rotundifolia

and B. africana in that order and rarely scar T. sericea. The strong preference

of porcupines for D. rotundifolia results in many coppiced shrubs and a

reduction in the number of individuals reaching tree status. The secondary

preference for B. africana, which is abundant over much of the slope, results in

large indivduals being removed by fire more frequently than T. sericea. Of the

large, live trees that fell after a fire in September 1985, 57% were B.

africana. (5) The Eragrostis pallens-Burkea africana savanna is maintained by

porcupines and fire as a mosaic of grassland and small woodland patches

undergoing cyclical successions developing after the fall of large individuals

of B. africana.

Ref ID : 1049

2199. Yeaton, R.I., Frost, S., and Frost, P.G.H. Direct gradient analysis of

grasses in a savanna. South African Journal of Science 82:482-487, 1986.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : METHODOLOGIES; GRASSLAND; SAVANNA; FIRE

Abstract : The distribution of grasses over complex environmental gradients in

the Burkea africana savanna of the northern Transvaal were studied using direct

gradient analysis. Except for the upper two soil forms, the dominant species of

grass changed over a moisture gradient represented by four soil forms, ranging

from the top of the catena to the edge of the vlei. An increase in the number

of species of grasses and their total mean basal area was recorded downslope

with the exception of the lowermost soil form, where seasonal waterlogging

occurs. Further gradients within one of these soil forms (Hutton) were studied.

Eragrostis pallens and Digitaria eriantha were replaced by Elyonurus muticus and

Diheteropogon amplectens over moisture gradient down the slope on open sites.

The number of species and the total mean basal area of grasses on open sites

increased downslope also. The dominant species of opensites were also present

on a complex shade and moisture gradient within this soil type but new dominants

emerged in the shade, Panicum maximum upslope and Setaria perennis downslope.

The effects of fire and soil disturbance by burrowing animals were also studied.

The total mean basal area of grasses increased and the number of species

recorded decreased with time since the last fire, whereas the number of species

of plants recorded on warthog excavations increased over time with many of the

early colonizers being non-grasses and potential nitrogen-fixing species.

Direct gradient analysis enabled us to generate a broad, general yet testable

hypthesis of the factors determining the structure and function of the grass

community. This hypothesis is that the grass community is a sequence of species

distributed over complex environmental gradients, the abundance of each species

reflecting its physiological tolerance of the prevailing environmental

conditions, modified by competition, grazing or fire. Changes in grazing

pressure, fire regime or the features of the physical environment determine the

relative success of these species by affecting their survival, growth rate or

reproduction and so drive the dynamics of these communities.

Ref ID : 518

2200. Yeld, J. Caring for the earth - South Africa: a strategy for sustainable

living, Stellenbosch:The Southern African Nature Foundation, 1993.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Notes : The author concludes that the time has come to break patterns of the

past, in order to avoid instability. Security must be sought through change.

South Africa has recently undergone intense and often stressful change - and

will probably continue to do so, at least in the short term. Most of the focus

of this change was political, but the scope created by these recent political

developments has provided an ideal opportunity to demonstrate how and why the

philosophy of sustainable living offers the best long-term prospects for a new,

just, socially equitable and environmentally sound society. Indeed, many would

argue that this is the only realistic way forward for SA if the social and

environmental scars of the past are to be healed and the future social and

environmental health of the nation assured. The philosophy of caring for the

earth demonstrates how we can best muster that will, and by applying its

lessons, we can set off confidently on that long road home.

Ref ID : 2359

2201. Yoba, V.T. A comparative study of two maize schemes in the Transkei. 1987.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : TRANSKEI; RURAL DEVELOPMENT; IRRIGATION; LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION;

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION; METHODOLOGIES; ECONOMIC ASPECTS; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS

Notes : The objectives of this study were as follows: Firstly, to evaluate and

compare the two maize schemes; and secondly, to make recommendations bsed on the

findings in order to initiate another scheme with the appropriate changes. A

descriptive survey and interview method was used in generating information from

the respondents in the study. The three aspects evaluated in the study related

to the technical aspects of production with special reference to planting,

harvesting, debt collection, capital accumulation, and indigenous and foreign

technology. The second area was the social aspect where it was found that

little impact was made by any of the schemes, in so far as human development was

concerned. Although farmers were consulted about the scheme, no consent was

given to start the scheme. The third aspect was the integral rural development

strategy where it was found that no involvement by local people in the decision-

making on the scheme was identified. Other aspects examined included adult

education, irrigation, livestock production and physical infrastructure. This

dissertation can be obtained from the Document Centre, Agriculture (UFH). See

ref. I.D. no: 2339.

Ref ID : 2554

2202. Yoganathan, S. Applying kraal manure for cabbage. ARDRI News , 1998.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : EASTERN CAPE; RURAL DEVELOPMENT; CISKEI; AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION;

PLANT-ANIMAL INTERACTIONS

Notes : The purpose of the study was to advise small-scale farmers and gardeners

in rural communities of the Eastern Cape, on the proper use of kraal manure for

cabbage production. The study was conducted in phases, namely: information

gathering from farmers; analysis; greenhouse experiment; and on farm testing.

The study revealed that a fresh cabbage yield of about 4.5 kilograms per square

metre would be suitable for small-scale farmers. The above results suggest that

a recommendation of approximately 2.0 kilograms per square metre of manure is

sufficient to maintain high yields in villages. The study provided that manure

is a valuable source of plant nutrients and using it in crop production in rural

communities of the Eastern Cape. This article is available at ARDRI, University

of Fort Hare. See also ID ref. no. 2339.

Ref ID : 2360

2203. Zeiring, C. Rabbit production - a new alternative for Ciskei. Agricultural

Journal, 1st Quarter , 1987.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : CISKEI; FAUNA; RURAL DEVELOPMENT; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS; AGRICULTURAL

EXTENSION; GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES

Notes : The purpose of this article is to investigate the potential of rabbit

production in the rural areas of Ciskei in order to overcome the problem of lack

of quality protein sources. An experiment was conducted regarding the

establishment of a rabbitory at Fort Cox College of Agriculture, and results

from the experiment were used for this study. The study found out that rabbit

production could contribute to the satisfaction of the basic need for animal

proteins. In a time where living costs are steadily increasing and red meat

becomes less affordable, the selling of rabbits for slaughter can bring

additional income to the producer. Interested rabbit producers need to be

assisted. Co-ordination of private interests and government services such as

extension, are necessary to fulfil this task. This article can be obtained from

the UFH library. See ref. I.D. no: 2339.

Ref ID : 1184

2204. Zevenbergen, J. Is title registration really the panacea for defective

land administration in developing countries? In: Proceedings of the

international conference on land tenure in the developing world with a focus on

Southern Africa, held at the University of Cape Town, 27-29 January 1998, edited

by Barry, M.Cape Town:Department of Geomatics, University of Cape Town, 1998,p.

570-580.

Reprint : In File,

Abstract : Most literature on land registration will pay quite some attention to

the difference between deeds and title registrations. This is especially the

case in Anglo-Saxon literature, where the latter type of land registration is

highly praised and considered far superior. Consequently deeds registration is

often held in such low esteem, that many project-proposals and papers do not

really take the existence of such a system into serious consideration when

trying to improve land administration practices in a developing country.

Immediate introduction of the title registration is usually prescribed as the

overall solution to the problems. But when the problems that need to be solved

are carefully considered and appropriate solutions are formulated, gradual

improvement and upgrading of the present deeds registration will often stand a

better chance of success. Unlike the often painted black-and-white picture of

title versus deeds, the classification of land registration types is

multidimensional, and each option on every axis has advantages and

disadvantages. An example of the very limited success of introducing title

registration can be found in Ghana. After 10 years only 9 000 titles have been

registered, and the already cumbersome procedures for granting and conveyancing,

have been extended with extra steps (often including an extra survey). Many

other problems have remained unsolved.

Ref ID : 1677

2205. Zimmerman, H.G. Biological control of mesquite, Prosopis spp. (Fabaceae),

in South Africa. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment 37(1-3):175-186, 1991.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : DESERTIFICATION CONTROL; BUSH ENCROACHMENT

Ref ID : 1680

2206. Zimmerman, H.G. Biological control of spear thistle, Cirsium vulgare

(Asteraceae), in South Africa. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment 37(1-3):199-

206, 1991.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : BUSH ENCROACHMENT; DESERTIFICATION CONTROL

Ref ID : 1698

2207. Zimmerman, H.G. and Moran, V.C. Ecology and management of cactus weeds in

South Africa. South African Journal of Science 78(8):314-320, 1982.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : ALIEN PLANTS; POPULATION; ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY; VELD MANAGEMENT;

PLANT-ANIMAL INTERACTIONS

Abstract : Twelve species of alien Cactaceae are registered as pasture weeds in

South Africa. The jointed cactus, Opuntia aurantiaca, an inconspicuous, low-

growing plant, is the worst problem. The large tree-like prickly pear, O.

ficusindica, is less important. The history of attempted control of these two

weeds is briefly reviewed. The imported cochineal insects, Dactylopius

austrinus (on jointed cactus) and D. opuntiae (on prickly pear), and the

phycitid moth Cactoblastis cactorum, have provided substantial biological

control of these two weeds. The effects of the insects have been evaluated by

exclusion experiments, by life-tables and by studies of plant mortality, in the

field. These findings have been used to augment the action of the cochineal

insects: D. opuntiae populations increased greatly when they were protected from

beetle predation, and the dispersal of D. austrinus was artificially enhanced.

Jointed cactus has a highly aggregated distribution and this influences the

efficiency of herbicidal application. The accepted methods of chemical control

are antagonistic to biological control of this weed. This ecological research

on jointed cactus and its natural enemies has been successfully applied to

improve management of the weed and to effect substantial savings.

Ref ID : 1669

2208. Zimmerman, H.G. and Moran, V.C. Biological control of prickly pear,

Opuntia ficus-indica (Cactaceae), in South Africa. Agriculture Ecosystems &

Environment 37(29):36, 1991.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : DESERTIFICATION CONTROL; BUSH ENCROACHMENT

Ref ID : 590

2209. Zucchini, W. and Adamson, P.T. The occurrence and severity of droughts in

South Africa. Report no.1.Anonymous Pretoria:Water Research Commission. 91/1/84,

1984.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : DROUGHT

Ref ID : 804

2210. Zucchini, W. and Adamson, P.T. The occurrence and severity of droughts in

South Africa. Appendix 6.Anonymous Pretoria:Water Research Commission. 91/1/84

(A), 1984.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : DROUGHT; MODELS; RAINFALL