abstracted from individual perceptions, like empirical concepts, they originate in the
mind itself. He called these concepts categories, in the sense of the word that
23
means predicate, attribute, characteristic, or quality. But these pure categories are
predicates of things in general, not of a particular thing. According to Kant, there are
12 categories that constitute the understanding of phenomenal objects. Each category
is that one predicate which is common to multiple empirical concepts. In order to
explain how an a priori concept can relate to individual phenomena, in a manner
analogous to an a posteriori concept, Kant employed the technical concept of
the schema.
It seems intuitively obvious that concepts must have some kind of structure. Up
until recently, the dominant view of conceptual structure was a containment model,
associated with the classical view of concepts. According to this model, a concept is
endowed with certain necessary and sufficient conditions in their description which
unequivocally determine an extension. The containment model allows for no degrees;
a thing is either in, or out, of the concept's extension. By contrast, the inferential
model understands conceptual structure to be determined in a graded manner,
according to the tendency of the concept to be used in certain kinds of inferences. As a
result, concepts do not have a kind of structure that is in terms of necessary and
sufficient conditions; all conditions are contingent.
However, some theorists claim that primitive concepts lack any structure at all. For
instance, Jerry Fodor presents his Asymmetric Dependence Theory as a way of
showing how a primitive concept's content is determined by a reliable relationship
between the information in mental contents and the world. These sorts of claims are
referred to as "atomistic", because the primitive concept is treated as if it were a
genuine atom.
Dostları ilə paylaş: