11. CROSS-DRAINAGE STRUCTURES 378—405 11.1 Need of Cross-Drainage Structures 378
11.2 Types of Cross-Drainage Structures 378
11.3 Selection of Suitable Types of Cross-Drainage Structure 384
11.4 Design of Cross-Drainage Structures 386
11.5 Waterway and Headway of the Stream 388
11.6 Head Loss through Cross-Drainage Structures 389
11.7 Design of Transitions for Canal Waterway 390
11.8 Uplift Pressure on Trough 396
11.9 Uplift Pressure on Culvert Floor 397
11.10 Miscellaneous Details 398
Exercises 404
References 405
