Dan’s Course on Islam
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Muhammad: (570-632 AD) Muhammad ibn Abdallah ibn Abd al-Muttalib. The (supposed) Prophet of Islam who received the revelations from Allah contained in the Qur’an (sometimes spelled Muhammad, Mohammed). Nicknamed al-Amin = “The Trustworthy”. His name means “Highly Praised” or “the Praised One”. Muhammad Iqbal: (1873-1938) was for many years the leader of the Muslim League, a movement founded in 1906 to focus the political aspirations of Muslims in India. From 1930 he began to argue for a separate Muslim state in India, and because of his widespread influence he is generally regarded as “the spiritual founder of the state of Pakistan.” Muhammad Omar: a Mullah who was the former head of the Taliban regime who exhorted Muslim youth: “Head for jihad and have your guns ready.” Nadir: A Jewish tribe of Medina; Muhammad beseiged and exiled them. Nakhla: An Arabian town where Muslims carried out their first military raid against the Quraysh. Omar Abdel Rahman: a terrorist who was put on trial for (and found guilty of) conspiracy to blow up New York bridges and buildings. Osama bin Laden: sees the United States as an “enemy of Islam” that must be destroyed by violence. Qaynuqa: A Jewish tribe of Medina; Muhammad beseiged and exiled them. Quraysh: The pagan Arabas of Mecca; Muhammad belonged to this tribe, but they rejected his prophetic message. Qurayzah: A Jewish tribe of Medina; Muhammad supervised their massacre after they betrayed an alliance with the Muslims. Ramzi Yusuf: the convicted mastermind of the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, was a electronics engineer and explosives expert with an advanced degree from the Swansea Institue in South Wales. The remarkable thing about Ramzi Yusuf was his apparent pleasure in learning about new languages, cultures and peoples, then proceeding to blow them up. Razi: (865-925) One of the most celebrated physicians of the East. Known as Rhazes in Latin. He compiled a monumental medical encyclopedia, compiled from Greek, Syrian, Persin, Hindu and Arabic sources. He also wrote on alchemy and chemistry. Raymond Lull: (1234-1315) from Majora was a Franciscan missionary who worked with Muslims in Tunis, Sicily, Cyprus and Algeria where he was stoned by a crowd, who were angry at his criticisms of Muhammad. Sa’d bin Mu’adh: The Muslim warrior who pronounced sentence, with Muhammad’s permission, against the Qurayzah tribe. Safiyya bint Huyayy: Wife of Kinana ibn Rabi; Muhammad took her as his own wife after killing Kinana. al-Shafi: (d. 820) Muhammad ibn İdris al-Shafi organized the laws of şhari’a into the “Usul al-fiqa”. He lived in Baghdad and Egypt and his position represented a compromise between the Maliki and Hanafi Schools, rejecting the role or private judgement. Sayyid Ahmad Khan: (1817-1898) of Dellu was more positive than many other Muslims toward modern scientific knowledge and he argued that it was fully compatible with Islam. He also tired to convince fellow Muslims that Islam and Christianity have much in common. Sayyid Qutb: (1906-1966) an Egyptian Muslim thinker who advocated offensive agressive jihad to restore Islam as the only dominant world religion. He helped found the Muslim Brotherhood (Al-Ikhwan Al-Muslimun) together with Al-Banna which tried to install İslamic rule by various means including violent jihad. He was imprisoned in Egypt for 10 years and then executed. Although educated in Amercia he despised what he called “American decadence”. Shah Wali Allah: (1702-1762) of Dehli worked for the renewal of Islam in India more than anyone else by trying to get rid of Hindu elements that had crept into Islam, and encouraging a Sufi world-view. More than anyone else he is responsible for the religious regeneration of Indian Islam. Shajarat ad-Durr: (d. 1250) was the Turkish slave girl of the Egyptian Ayyubid ruler Malik as-Salih, but she became his wife after bearing him a son. After his death Shajarat ad Durr assumed the title of sultana on May 2, 1250, and retained rule until July 30th of that year. She was soon thereafter killed in a revolt. Sheikh Rahman: a radical Muslim cleric who was cast out of Egypt by the government, came to New Jersey to become the leader of a mosque, and inspired and encouraged those Muslims who bombed the World Trade Center in 1993. Siraj Wahhaj: a black convert to Islam, the recipient of some of the Muslim community’s highest honors, and called, “one of the most respected Muslim leaders in America.” In June 1991, he enjoyed the honor of being the first Muslim to deliver the daily prayer invocation for the U.S. House of Representatives, at which time he recited from the Qur’an and appealed to the Almighy to guide American leaders “and grant them righteousness and wisdom.” Wahhaj openly calls for replacing the U.S. government with a caliphate. (Dr. Daniel Pipes, Militant Islam Reaches America, p. 96). He served as a character witness for Omar Abdel Rahman when the later was on trial for (and found guilty of) conspiracy to blow up New York bridges and buildings. al-Tabari: ??? (839-923) Muhammad İbn Jair al-Tabari was a well-educated Nestorian Christian physician from Baghdad who converted to Islam at the age of 70. In the introduction of his book Refutation of Christianity, he stated openly that his aim was to destroy the faith of Christians. Tabuk: A northwest Arabian city to which Muhammad led an expedition against the Byzantines. Ta’if: A city south of Mecca that initially rejected Muhammad and was later conquered by the Muslims. Theodore Herzl: (1860-1904) A Hungarian Jew born in Budapest, he was the founder of the modern Zionist movement who said, “Only anti-Semitism has made Jews out of us.” Tamerlane: (Timur the Lame of Timerlane) A bloodthirsty Muslim Mongol descendent of Ghengis Khan who ruled an Asian empire from his fabled capitol of Samarkand. In 1379 his group of Mongols came from central Asia into the Middle East and attacked other Muslims. He also conducted furious jihad against Nestorian and Assyrian Christians destroying their cities and churches. Umar ibn al-Khattab: (Omar) One of Muhammad’s earliest companions and the successor of Abu Bakr as leader of the Muslims (the 2nd caliph). Uthman: The 3rd Caliph, who followed Umar (Omar), who ruled for 12 years, and who standardized the Qur’an by burning all the other variant copies. A fastidious aristocrat of the Umayyad clan who in his youth was known for his love of elegant clothing. He was murdered by fellow muslims who opposed his habbit of appointing his own relatives and friends to positions of power. al-Uzza: One of the goddesses worshipped by the pagan Quraysh along with Kuba, al-lat and al-Manat. al-Wahhab: (1703-1792) Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab was sheikh and a reformer of Islam from Saudi Arabia who at the age of 40 declared jihad on all other forms of Islam. Predicated his teachings on the Sunni teachings of Ibn Hanbel (780-855). He taught that all additions to Islam after the third century of the Muslim era (after about 950) were unauthentic and must be erased. The challenge of the Wahhabi movement to moral corruption within Islam has had a lasting effect in that this became an almost universal feature of subsequent reform movements, both in Arabia and elsewhere in the Muslim world. Wallace D. Fard: (Wali Fard Muhammad) originally David Ford was the son of Elijah Muhammad. He began the Allah Temple of Islam (ATI) later changing its name to Nation of Islam (NoI). He proclaimed himself as “Allah’s incarnation” or God in the flesh. He was succeeded by Robert Poole, later known as Elijah Muhammad, Minister of Islam. Waraqah: Waraqah bin Naufal bin Asad bin ‘Abdul-Uzza bin Qusai, Khadija’s uncle and a Christian priest who was a convert from Judiaism. He is supposed to have confirmed Muhammad’s prophetic status. He was of the opinion that Muhammad had been visited by the Namus al Akbar that is the messenger and message who was thought to have visited both Moses and Jesus. Zaid bin Haritha: Initally was one of Khadijah’s slaves who became Muhammad’s adopted son and the first husband of Zaynab bint Jahsh. Muhammad compelled Zaid to divorce his wife so that he could take her for himself. Zaid Shakir: formerly the Muslim chaplin at Yake University, has said that Muslims cannot accept the legitimacy of the secular system in the United States, for it “is against the orders and ordainments of Allah... the orientation of the Qur’an pushes us in the exact opposite direction as the forces that are at work in the American political spectrum.” (Dr. Daniel Pipes, Militant Islam Reaches America, p. 113) al-Zamakhshari: (d. 1143) a well-known commentaror on the Qur’an. 25.* Important Terms* (Terminology*, Islamic Terminology, Important*, Words*, Dictionary*, Glossary*) 25.1 A List of Important Terms in Islam Abd = Slave, used in common names, eg. abdullah = slave of God. Abbasid Dynasty= Replaced the Umayyid Dynasty in 740 A.D. and ruled from Baghdad for the next five centuries. Abaaya = A black full-length outer garment worn by Saudi women.
Abu = Father of, used in common names, eg. Abu Hamid. Abu Talib = The 5th caliph who followed Ali. He was elected as caliph in A.D. 656 but the governor of Syria, Muawiya refused to recognize his authority. A five year civil war ended with the assassination of Ali and Muawiya succeed him.
to prayer spoken over the loudspeakers. Ahadith = The plural form of hadith Ahmad = Another name for Muhammad Ahmadis = A group which considers themselves to be Muslims but who are regarded by orthodox Muslims as heretical because they call the founder of their group al-Masih (the Messiah). They are banned in Saudia Arabia.
migration of the Prophet Muhammad from Mecca to Medina (Yathrib) on June 20, 622 AD which marks the beginning of the Muslim calendar. Medina is 450 kilometers (280 miles) north of Mecca (Makkah). It is the reference used in the Islamic calendar, instead of A.D. which is used in the Christian calendar, or C.E. for the Christian Era in the Jewish Calendar.
by all Muslims and by Arabic speaking Christians. Literally means “the god” a generic name used for the one true God and for other gods in Arabia before Muhammad’s time, most typically used of the “Moon God”. Allahu akbar = God is greater, or God is the Greatest. This statement is made by Muslims during prayer, when they agree with a statement, and also when they slaughter an animal. Alawites = (Alevis) A Shiite subsect, found in Syria and Turkey. They are the closest Islamic sect to Christianity.
nobleman. A prince or leader of some Islamic state.
earliest converts in Medina. Anti-Zionism = the strategy aimed at the elimination of the State of Israel. This strategy uses various techniques: military warfare, local and international terrorism, deligitimization through a defamatory campaign with stong media support, and usurpation of Israel’s history. Akıl = (aqel) reason, rationality, the ability to use our heads in order to keep our passions from getting a hold of us and controlling us.
condition of alienation, of subjugation or of exile – not for Israel alone but also for the Maronite Christians and for any other movement of national independence within dar-al-Islam.
2:218, 3:7*, 10:15, 24 & 61, 14:4, 18:1-2*, 27:1-2, 43:2, 54:17
humanity will be judged of the Day of Judgement. During the Hajj, on the ninth day of the month of Zhu-l-Hijjah, Muslim pilgrims gather on this plain for one day.
‘Awrah = A thing to be ashamed of (used of being a woman). Bukhari reported: “The Prophet said... ‘If you do not feel ashamed, then do what you like.” (4:690) An Arab proverb says: “Nothing cleanses the shame except blood.” Cf. Prov. 13:18; Num 12:14; 2 Sam 13:1-32 & Heb 12:1-3.
recognized as a teacher, judge, and administrator. The title is the highest rank among Shi’ite Muslims and is bestowed by informal acclamation.
converse of Sunna, the alleged practice of Muhammad.
‘without asking questions.’ Bin = (or Ibn) Following a man’s given name and preceding a man’s father’s or grandfather’s name. Means “son of”.
the Compassionate CAIR = Council on American-Islamic Relations, a Washington-based institution founded in 1994. Caliph = A deputy of the prophet who serves as a guardian of Muhammad’s message. Literally the “successor” in Arabic, but it came to refer to the role of the religious and political leader who would govern the Muslim community.
Christ. The Deceiver, a mythologial character who changes depending upon who is tellng the story and which part of the “hadith” is being consulted. In Islamic Eschatology he is the Antichrist or anti- Messiah. He will come forth before the end of time and, after a reign of 40 days, or 40 years (again depending on the Islamic source) he will be destroyed by İssa, Jesus, or by the mahdi, or both, and the whole world will submit to Allah. Dar al-Islam = The house of Islam, peace & justice; a Muslim country. The world of faith in Allah. Dar al-harb = The house or territory of war. A country predominantly of non-Muslims ie. infidels, not yet subdued by Islam. The land of the unbelievers and heretics who are destined to be absorbed or conqured by the dar al Islam.
the sphere of disobedience, ignorance, and war and bring the peoples of this sphere into Islam through conversion, capitulation, or coercion and either be a part of Dar al-Islam or to live under it with restrictions. Jihad is the way to accomplish this mission either peacefully or sometimes violently. Literally it means “call” or “invitation”. The proliferation of Islamic teachings through word and deed. Dhikr = Outer conformity through meditation or rememberance Dhimma = Originally a protection pact or treaty granted by the Prophet Muhammad to Jewish and Christian populations whom he had subjected.
in Islamic countries against whom is levied an annual capitation tax which in return is meant to afford a degree of protection for their person and property. A 2nd class citizen.
different periods of time or ‘dispensations’ in order to be rightly understood. In each of these periods ‘God reveals a particular purpose to be accomplished in that period, to which men respond in faith or unbelief. Dispensationalists are generally supportive of the return of Israel to the Land of Palestine. Dhimmitude = Subordination or the institutionalized opression of non-Muslims Din = Required practices or duties of the religion of Islam. Right religion. Obedience to the revelation of Allah’s Qur’an. It involves total submission. Druze = A Shiite sub-sect which originated in Syria and Lebanon in 1021, deriving their name from Darazi, an Iranian mystic.
Non-ritual prayer in distinction from “salat”, which is formal prayer in Arabic.
sacrifice of his son, Ishmail. It lasts for four days between the tenth and the thirteenth of Zul- Hijjah, the twelfth month of the lunar calendar and is performed during the Hajj.
This takes place on the first day of Shawwal, the tenth month of the Islamic calendar.
Islam.
al-fath = The victory. Fatwa = A legal ruling of Islamic Law, an opinion or a declared jihad, a religious or judicial sentence pronounced by an appropriate religious authority, a “mufti” or a “faqih”. Legal rulings with religious authority based on the Qur’an and the Sunnah which are the recorded sayings and deeds of Muhammed.
1. the recitation of the creed (shahada) 2. prayers (salat) 3. fasting (sawm) 4. almsgiving (zakat) and 5. the pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj). Fiqh = Four main schools of Islamic jurisprudence: Hanifites, Malikites, Hanbilites, Shafities. Fitne = anarchy, trouble Furqan = Separation, distinction, proof, (between good and evil) revelation, salvation. Also a term applied to the Qur’an.
continuing right up to the 21st Century. Ghusl = A complete washing of the entire body after legal or religious impurity. Gnostics = Tended to think that matter was evil and that salvation dedended on an experiece of mystical enlightenment. They denied the incarnation, and some believed that Jesus was not crucified. Hadith = The oral traditions, that is sayings, actions or words attributed to the Prophet Muhammad which help to formulate Islamic law.(cf. Rom. 3:4)
Prophet says what Allah said. The maneing of these hadiths was revealed to the Prophet but he put them in his own words, unlike the Quran which is the actual words of Allah.
memory the verses of the Qur’an and thus protects it from being changed. A professional reciter.
Hajar = The Black Stone set into the corner of the Ka’aba in Mecca. Tradition states that it fell from heaven.
enviorns; always in the last month of the Muslim calendar; if possible, required for every Muslim once in a lifetime. One of the five pillars of Islam.
(a title that denotes honor). Hamas = The leading Islamic fundamentalist group among Palestinians in Gaza and the West Bank. Palestenians feel like Hamas is the only group defending their families and land from the İsraeli occupation.
of thought. Hanifs = Those inclined toward seeking truth. Hanifites = The followers of Abu Hanifa in Iraq (d. 767) Their main emphasis is on the Qur’an, and the sunna is regarded as secondary.
sanctuary. According to Islam Mecca has been considered a “Harram” since the time of Abraham even though there is no record of such a place in his time. Medina was also declared a “Harram” by the Prophet. Hawijah = The sixth level of hell which is the place for Christians. Hazrat = An honorific title meaning "respected." Hejira = (Hijrah) Islamic calendar that started on the date that the Prophet Muhammad fled Mecca and escaped to Medina in 622 AD. The “Hijrah” is the emigration or exodus of the Prophet and his followers from Mecca to Medina on July 16, 622 AD, which marks the beginning of the Muslim calendar. (AH = after the Hijra) Medina (Yathrib) is 200 miles north of Mecca (Makkah). It denotes moving from a land where a Muslim cannot practice his faith to a land where he can. Helal = (Halal) That which is lawful or permitted. Food that has been prepared according to Islamic law. For example “Halal” meats are those permitted and slaughtered according to Muslim law. Hezbollah = The leading fundamentalist group in Lebanon comprised of Shi’ite Muslims. Established in 1982 through Iran’s Revolutinary Guards to aid Lebanon during the civil war. It continues to be sponsored mainly by Syrian and Iran.
Muhammad concluded a treaty with the Quraysh. The Treaty of Hudaybiya held that the two sides “agreed to remove war from the people for ten years. During this time the people are to be security and no one is to lay hands on another... Between us evil is to be abstained from, and there is to be no raiding or spoilation.” In Dec. of 629, some of the Bani Bakr, possibly with Quraysh help, too vengeance on a party of the Bani Khuza’a, killing several of them. Upon hearing this news, Muhamamd instantly opted for the most drastic response: to attack Mecca. So impressive was his army that the Meccans made no effort to resist it. Instead they surrendered their city without a fight in Jan. of 630.
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