Dar seafood ppp standard

Year	Product	Location
Cases
1992	Oysters	Northern Territory	18
1990	Oysters	New South Wales	461
1989	Oysters	Australia	>370
1996	Oysters	New South Wales	97
1999	Scallops	Queensland	14

Source: Adapted from Food Science Australia & Minter Ellison Consulting, 2002.

Parasites

Parasites are eukaryote organisms that generally belong to either of two major taxonomic groups: protozoa and helminths. Among parasites associated with fish and seafoods, most of those known to cause illness in humans are helminths (parasitic worms) and include nematodes (roundworms), cestodes (tapeworms) and trematodes (flat worms, or flukes). Over 50 species of helminths from fishes, crabs, snails and other molluscs are known to cause human illness. Those of most concern are:

• 
  Nematodes – Anisakis simplex, Pseudoterranova decipiens, Eustrongylides spp. and Gnathostoma spp.
  
• 
  Cestodes – Diphyllobothrium.
  
• 
  Trematodes – Clonorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis spp., Heterophyes spp., Metagonimus, Nanophyetes salminicola and Paragonimus.
  

Of the protozoa, none have been implicated in food-borne illness due to seafood consumption in Australia and are not further considered in this report. One recent study has demonstrated the recovery of viable infective Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts from oysters (Fayer et al. 1998). The same study failed to detect Giardia cysts.