DAY 11
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-16, which are based on Reading
Passage 2 below.
AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINAL ASTRONOMY
Research is revealing a complex and functional astronomical knowledge used by
Aboriginal people, Australia`s indigenous people, to navigate, find food and mark seasonal
changes.
A
Australia`s Aboriginal people, living under a dazzling canopy of constellations, absorbed
the night skies into their cultural, social and spiritual life. The position of the stars, the motion
of the planets, and astronomical events such as comets, meteorites and eclipses have
informed their cosmology and traditions. “Spirituality, sacred law, kinship, cultural rules about
who you can marry, where you
can go, what you can do, how society works…all of this social
structure is written in the stars”, says Dr Duane Hamacher, a lecturer at the Nura Gilli
Indigenous Programs Unit at the University of New South Wales, Australia.
B
Hamacher, working closely with Aboriginal elders, is uncovering a wealth of
astronomical knowledge. He takes the example of the Pleiades, one of the closest star
clusters to Earth. He explains that the Pleiades rise early in the morning, just before the sun
comes up, and are visible for about 15 minutes. This signals the time at which flowers appear
on one type of tree, the start of winter , and the orca* migrating north. These observations
indicate that the early Aboriginal astronomers took an intellectual approach that sought
meaning in, and application of, astronomical phenomena. And no more is this evidenced
than in how they used this knowledge to navigate their vast, and sometimes featureless,
island continent.
C
Professor Ray Norris, an astrophysicist at the Australian Telescope National Facility
and adjunct professor in Indigenous Astronomy at Macquarie University , Sydney, recounts
an occasion while bushwalking with Bill Yidumduma Harney , an Aboriginal elder : `Bill can
name about 5000 stars. Most Western astronomers can name only 20 or 30 on a good day
…He looks up at the sky and knows how it charges with the seasons, with the time , in ways
I don’t actually quite understand. And for him it’s completely intuitive ….. he looks at the sky
and knows it reflects what’s on the land.
William Stevens, an Aboriginal astronomy guide who conducts the Dreamtime ** Astronomy
tour at Sydney Observatory , explains how some Aboriginal people use the constellation of
Scorpius for navigation: `We don’t see a scorpion ; it’s actually a map for us, says Stevens,
adding that people use the stars to travel from one clan group to another.
D
Norris considers the study of Aboriginal astronomy an opportunity for Aboriginal
communities to gain access to information that may have been lost after European
colonization of Australia. This giving back of knowledge as Norris describes it ,’could promote
DAY 11
community pride and provide educational material for young Aboriginal people,. This could
also provide an opportunity to help foster a better understanding and appreciation as
Aboriginal culture among the wider Australian society.
E
Perhaps the most beguiling application of astronomical observation is associated with
the behavior of one Australia’s most iconic birds , the emu. `The Emu in the Sky`, as it is
called, describes a carving that is clearly visible on a rock located in Ku-ring-gai Chase
National Park, north of Sydney. It depicts an emu is somewhat unnatural position for a real
emu , with the legs folded behind it. That is, until it is observed that there is a huge and dark
shape in one of the `dark` areas of the Milky Way that resembles an emu. This `emu` swings
around the sky each night, its starting point at dusk changing as the year goes by and the
season change. In April the body of the `Emu in the Sky` reaches a certain angle, and people
know it is the season to go and find fresh emu eggs, a rich highly valued food source. When
the angle of the representation of the emu on the rock face matches the `Emu in the Sky`,
the harvest might begin. The folded legs signify that the emu is sitting on the nest.
The Emu in the sky exemplifies one of the key principles of Aboriginal cultures: what is in the
sky is of what is on Earth . Aboriginal people also apply this concept to construct annual
calendars . Often based on six reasons ,Aboriginal calendars are relatively complex and are
generally constructed from the heliacal rising of stars (i.e when the star first becomes visible
above eastern horizon for a brief moment just before sunrise)
F
Dr Philip Clarke of federation University Australia has documented how tha Kaurna
Aboriginal people of South Australia use the rising of they call Parna ,one of the brightest
stars in the night sky .Its appearance just before sunrise indicates that the hot ,dry summer
is ending and the autumn rains will soon arrive .The lands of Kaurna include the ADELAIDE
Plains ,which are prone to flooding .Therefore ,knowledge of when the arrival of autumn is
imminent allows them time to build their large, waterproof huts ,which are known as wurlies.
Not only were the positions and movements of individual stars used to predict seasonal
changes, the scintillation of stars also informs Aboriginal astronomers of a change in the
weather or season. ”They can tell by the degree of how much the star twinkles or changes
colour to gauge the amount of moisture in the atmosphere”, explains Hamacher. “They then
know wheter a storm is approaching or the wet season is coming”.
G
It is clear that aboriginal cultures contain a wealth of astronomical knowledge. This
knowledge incorporates a deep and sophisticated understanding celestial and terrestrial
events and should be viewed through the prism of an interconnected world-view: a paradigm
in which the Aboriginal people saw themselves not a separate external observers, but
integral component of nature and the universe.
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