Development mining and metallurgy in uzbekistan

DEVELOPMENT MINING AND METALLURGY IN UZBEKISTAN
Content

1. 
   Mining industry during the years of independence
   
2. 
   The main mines in Uzbekistan
   
3. 
   Extraction from oil and gas fields in Uzbekistan
   

Mining industry during the years of independence historical-archaeological research conducted in Central Asia and neighboring regions
revealed many material evidences that show that Uzbekistan had a special place in the formation and development of mining and metallurgy of the Ancient East. Based on them, we began to widely use important historical concepts such as "Mining and Metallurgy of Central Asia" and "Mining and Metallurgy of Uzbekistan" in scientific research . it is historically determined that it is located at the intersection of transit routes 1 , which is being put on the agenda as a place where the Eastern and Western worlds interact in the early stages of the personal history of our country 2 . Studying the importance of the mining and metallurgy of Uzbekistan, which has ancient foundations, in the development of the mining and metallurgy of Central Asia, determining the impact of mining and metallurgy on the development of various regions of Central Asia has an important place in historical and scientific research. is going In order to successfully solve these tasks, it is necessary to study the formation and development of conmetallurgy in Central Asia and neighboring regions.


The main mines in Uzbekistan
Oil and gas have been known to mankind for a long time, and the consumption of products obtained from them in the national economy and the need for them have been increasing year by year. Oil has been used in Uzbekistan since ancient times. Oil has been used in the fight against agricultural pests due to its characteristic pungent smell. In order to prepare medicine from oil, Abu Ali ibn Sina conducted experiments related to extraction of oil. Khorezm geographer Bakrom (13th century) is the first to mention the oil drilling technology in Baku. That is why oil and its processing is one of the oldest industries in Uzbekistan. Oil production in Uzbekistan began in 1876. In the village of Kamishbashi of Ferghana , Russian businessman DP Petrov produced up to 10 pounds (160 kg) of oil per day from each of the 2 wells drilled up to 25 meters in the early 80s of the 19th century. In the period of 1880-1883, the number of these wells reached four. The wells were drilled by percussion method. Their walls were covered with boards, and oil was extracted using special long buckets. According to some information, up to 5-10 tons of oil per day were obtained from such wells. Russian businessman DP Petrov in 1885 two wells in Shorsuv
drilled and obtained 400-500 kg of oil per day, from which kerosene and kerosene were extracted in a special boiler. That is why the sources indicate that the beginning of the oil industry in Uzbekistan dates back to 1885.
The first oil field in Uzbekistan was opened in 1904, and it was mined from a depth of 278 meters in the Chimyon oil field in the Fergana Valley (formerly Vankovsk). About 130 tons of oil were released from it per day. In the same year, an oil refinery was launched near the Altiariq railway station. There are also opinions that the emergence of the oil industry in Uzbekistan begins from this date. Kerosene is mainly obtained from refined oil. Kerosene and residual kerosene were loaded on carts and camels and sold in the markets of Central Asia, Afghanistan, China, to cotton processing factories in Tashkent, Andijan, Kokan, oil producers and residents. Oil residues were used as fuel in railway transport. Later, several mines were opened in the Fergana basin (in the fields of Yorkoton and Moylisoy near Chimyon), the Chimyon-Altiariq oil pipeline was built, and the oil refinery was expanded. During this period, Russian and foreign capital took full control over oil production, processing, and sale of oil products. In 1913, a total of 13,000 tons of oil was extracted. After the October coup in former Tsarist Russia, oil fields and oil refining enterprises were transferred to the state, and exploration and operation of oil fields were transferred to the power of the Soviets. In the following years, new oil fields were opened and put into operation quickly. Altiariq plant has been expanded. In that period, the infrastructure of the oil industry was also created in the republic. 196,000 tons of oil were extracted in 1941, and 478,000 tons in 1945. By 1950, oil production in Uzbekistan reached 1 million 342 thousand tons. Since the 50s of the 20th century, mechanization tools have been used in oil fields, and turbine drilling has been introduced. In 1959, more than 1 million 460 thousand tons of oil were extracted from 9 oil fields in Fergana Valley and Surkhandarya Region. At that time, the oil fields discovered in the Bukhara-Khiva regions were put into operation, and the oil and gas production department was established on their basis. In the 70s of the 20th century, oil production decreased as a result of the depletion of reserves in some oil fields. Deep wells had to be dug to find new oil fields. 5,200 meters deep oil wells were drilled in Vorukh, 5,670 meters in Gumkhana, 5,805 meters in Chust-Pop, and 6,006 meters in Mingbulok.
It is appropriate to directly connect the development and progress of the oil and gas industry in Uzbekistan with the independence of our Republic, and reflect on the significant achievements made in this field in the following years. Oil and gas after the independence of the Republic of Uzbekistan
the issue of industrial development has become an important issue. On December 23, 1992, the oil and gas industry and all the enterprises and organizations related to it were united into a single management and the "Uzbekneftgaz" corporation was established. The oil industry of the republic has the ability to fully meet the oil requirements of the national economy.
There are about two thousand and seven hundred mines of about one hundred minerals in Uzbekistan. The mineral raw material potential of our country is estimated at 3.3 trillion US dollars. 5.5 billion annually. Minerals are mined at the expense of US dollars. The discovered gas reserves will cover the needs of our republic for 35 years, and oil for 30 years.
Combustible useful reds are called "caustobiolites". From the Greek language, "kaustos" means "burning", "bios" means organic life, "lithos" means "stone", that is, " combustible stones of organic origin". They can be solid (peat, coal, oil shale), liquid (oil) and gas (natural gas). Combustible minerals form the basis of the fuel energy base and are of significant national economic importance. No industry can function without combustible minerals. They are the main raw materials for the chemical, metallurgical, and energy industries. 85% of the world's mined minerals are combustible minerals. The main elements of combustible minerals, i.e. combustibles, are carbon (C) and hydrogen (H). Their amount is around 95% in solid minerals, 80-85% in oil and gas. Combustible minerals are formed as a result of life activity and partial decomposition of living organisms and plants. These rocks were formed by organisms that accumulated carbon in their tissues under the influence of solar energy. Peat is formed as a result of encroachment of juniper, sedge, reed, sedge, sedge, shrub and trees (pine, birch, black cherry and white pine) on swamps, swampy valleys and water bodies. The dead remains of these plants sink to the bottom of the water body and fill it. These residues cannot fully decompose due to lack of oxygen, they are charred. As a result, peat deposits of various quality with a carbon content of 50-60% are formed.
Oil is an oily combustible liquid mineral consisting of a mixture of liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons. In nature, the lightest (relative gravity 0.7–0.8), light (relative gravity 0.8–0.9) and heavy (relative gravity 0.9–1.0) types of oil there is. The less dissolved gases in the oil, the heavier it is. The color of the oil is usually dark brown or black-blue. The heat of combustion is 10500 kcal/kg. Average chemical composition: S – 82–87%, H – 11–14%, O, S, P – around 1%. Natural combustible gases consist mainly of 90% methane gas and additional ethane, propane, butane gases.
Combustible gases are always dissolved in oil and often collect on top of the oil and are called "compressed gas". It is mined together with oil. Combustible natural gases themselves form independent gas fields. Many opinions have been expressed by world scientists about the formation of oil and natural combustible gases. The most common among them is the hypothesis that they are formed organically. Its authors are Russian scientists IMGubkin and ADArkhangelsky. According to them, oil and gas are accumulated in the sediments of pelite or shale as a result of the total destruction of invertebrates, algae and bacteria living in the shallow parts of the sea, lagoons, and large bodies of water on land, under high temperature and high pressure for a long time ( at a depth of 5-8 km from the earth's surface) is transformed into organic compounds with the participation of bacteria. Turbid layer with organic compounds is called "oil" producing or "petroleum parent rock". The oil and gas formed in it are accumulated under high pressure in porous rocks - sands and porous sandstones, forming oil and gas deposits. From the tectonic point of view, oil and gas deposits are mainly concentrated in anticlinal structures, dome-shaped folds.
There are large areas rich in oil and gas in Uzbekistan. They are Fergana, Surkhandarya, Western Uzbekistan, Bukhara-Khiva, Ustyurt regions. The largest oil fields are Olamushuk, Polvontash (Andijan region), Galcha-Changora (Fergana region), Amudaryo (Surkhandarya region). The largest gas fields are Gazli, Mubarak, Ortabulok, Kandim, Uchqir, Oqqum (Bukhara region), Adamtash (Kashkadarya region), Koshtor (Surkhandarya region).