| Figure 4: Broadcast and Cablecast Policy Typically Balances Social Welfare Objectives
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191 There is, however, a contemporary trend of states liberalizing policy and regulation, particularly with regards to cablecasting and satellitecasting, and especially involving pay services.64 The technical rational is that they are not subjected to claims on limited radio frequency in the same way that terrestrial broadcasting (and especially analogue television) are. The economic rationale is based on the argument that these broadcasting services tend to be niche services more related to private consumption than more general free to air broadcasting. They are also seen as primarily supported by infrastructures created by private rather than public investments and employing more limited public resources. Thus, social welfare production in their case is seen as being more closely aligned with the market-based view of welfare economics.
192 The historical involvement of state power in the broadcast industry and the use of state apparatuses to achieve social welfare outcomes that may not be achievable through market mechanisms alone illustrate the social importance given to broadcasting. With regard to signal protection, similar involvement would be in line with those precedents—both in terms of enforcement of protection and in promoting authorized exceptions and limitations thereof.
193 Central issues and potential effects of the proposed treaty for analyzing social welfare are shown in Table 2. The weights given to the effects and the desirability of tradeoffs by member states will be individual dependent upon domestic factors.
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