English as a business language

Basic units of language and speech

In linguistic theory several levels of language and speech are discriminated. They are the phoneme, the morpheme, the word, and the sentence. The phoneme is the smallest distinctive unit. The morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit. The word is the smallest naming unit. The sentence is the smallest communication unit. The phoneme, the morpheme, the word, and the sentence are units of different levels of language structure.

The phoneme is a unit of the lowest level, the sentence - of the highest.
The units of each level can be analyzed as to their inner structure, the classes they belong to in the language system and the combinations they form in speech.
We must also discriminate the terms language and speech. The structure of various units and the classes they form are the domain of language, while the combinations they form in the process of communication are the sphere of speech. Language and speech are interdependent and interpenetrating.
The structure, classification and combinability of phonemes are studied by a branch of linguistics called phonology.
The structure, classification and combinability of words are the object of morphology.
Syntax deals with the structure, classification and combinability of sentences.
Word file:
Linguistics – dilçilik
Point of view – nöqteyi – nəzər, yanaşma
Branch – 1. sahə, filial, şöbə; 2. budaq
According to – görə, əsasən, uyğun olaraq
Word combination – söz birləşməsi
Sound – səs
Deal with – məşğul olmaq
Define – müəyyən etmək, təyin etmək
Modification – dəyişilmə
While – isə, halbuki, amma, o vaxt ki
Rule – qayda
Divide – bölünmək
i.e. (id est) – yəni
Theory – nəzəriyyə
Several – bir neçə
Speech – danışıq
Discriminate – fərq qoymaq, ayrı –seçkilik etmək, fərqli əlamətlərə malik olmaq
Structure – quruluş
Distinctive – fərqli, səciyyəvi, xarakterik
Belong – aid / məxsus olmaq
Various – müxtəlif
Inner – daxili
Interdependent – bir – birinə bağlı, bir – birindən asılı
Interpenetrate – bir – birinə nüfuz etmək / qarışmaq
Classification – təsnifat, bölünmə
Azerbaijan is a Sovereign State. Constitution is a state law

Azerbaijan, officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, is a country located at the boundary of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. It is a part of the South Caucasus region, and is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east, Russia to the north, Georgia to the northwest, Armenia and Turkey to the west, and Iran to the south. Baku is the capital and largest city.

The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic proclaimed its independence from the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic in 1918 and became the first secular democratic Muslim-majority state, taking its name from the adjacent region of northwestern Iran for political reasons. In 1922, the country was incorporated into the Soviet Union as the Azerbaijan SSR.
The modern Republic of Azerbaijan proclaimed its independence on 30 August 1991, shortly before the Dissolution of the Soviet Union in the same year.
Azerbaijan has diplomatic relations with 182 countries and holds membership in 38 international organizations. Azerbaijan is a developing country and ranks 88th on the Human Development Index. It has a high rate of economic development, literacy, and a low rate of unemployment.
The Constitution of Azerbaijan was adopted on 12 November 1995 by popular referendum.
Azerbaijan state is a democratic, legal, secular, unitary republic. State power in the Azerbaijan Republic is based on the principle of separation of powers: legislative power is exercised by the Milli Majlis of the Azerbaijan Republic, the executive power is vested in the President of the Azerbaijan Republic, the judicial power is exercised by the courts of the Azerbaijan Republic. In accordance with the provisions of the Constitution, the legislative, executive and judicial power interact and are independent within their powers.

Azerbaijan is a presidential republic. The president of the Azerbaijan Republic represents the state of Azerbaijan in the country and in foreign relations and embodies the unity of the people of Azerbaijan and ensures the continuity of the Azerbaijan statehood, he is the guarantor of the independence and territorial integrity of the Azerbaijani state, Supreme Commander – in - chief of the Military Forces of Azerbaijan Republic.

Legislative power in the Azerbaijan Republic is implemented by Milli Majlis of Azerbaijan Republic. Milli Majlis is a unicameral parliament. Milli Mejlis performs a legislative function. Acts are adopted solely by Milli Majlis of Azerbaijan Republic.

The basis of the judiciary is the courts, which do not depend on the responsible representatives of the executive power. Judicial power is exercised by the Constitutional Court of Azerbaijan Republic, Supreme Court of Azerbaijan Republic, the appellate courts of the Azerbaijan Republic, general and specialized courts of the Azerbaijan Republic.

Important role in the political system of Azerbaijan bested by local authorities. Local governments are formed through elections. The State guarantees the local governments to judicial protection, recovery of additional costs associated with the execution of decisions of the branch executive power.