Epidemiology module of practical skills for mbbs student
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- Bu səhifədəki naviqasiya:
- SAMPLE INITIAL REPORT (For outbreaks caused by water borne diseases)
- Sr. No. Name of the medicine Approximate Stock
- Sr. No. Control Measures Action taken
- Key to the form No
- Date of onset of symptoms
- Outcome
- Comments
- ANNEXURES REPORT WRITING REPORT WRITING STEPS OF REPORT WRITING
- 1 Selecting our material
- 2 Planning the structure
- Style and presentation Having dealt with the four essential stages in planning our report, we can now look at the two essential aspects of writing it. 1 Style
- Helpful books General reference material
- ANNEXURES How to Review an Article How to Review an Article
- Guidelines for Reviewing Here are nine things you should consider as you examine the manuscript and write your review: Look for the "intellectual plot-line
- Look at the organization of the article
- Your evaluation to the editor
- Journal
- How to Review a Journal Article: Suggestions for First-Time Reviewers and Reminders for Seasoned Experts By Vern L. Bengtson
- Criteria for manuscript review 1. Scientific quality of the work
- 5. Confidential comments
| ANNEXURES
For Outbreak Investigation And Response
RUMOUR REGISTER Record verbal or written information from lay reporters (community representatives, Anganwadi workers, teachers) about suspected outbreaks, rumours, or reports of unexplained events.
SAMPLE INITIAL REPORT (For outbreaks caused by water borne diseases) (to be submitted within a day of the first team reaching the outbreak site) 1. Name of the affected village/town/city 2. Name of the reporting center Sub-centre / PHC / RH / CH / GH / Corpn. Hosp. 3. Block / Districts 4. Population of the affected town / area 5. Date of onset of outbreak 6. Date of reporting 7. Name of the Informant 8. Total attacks reported till date 9. Total deaths reported till date 10. Main symptoms of the patients
11. Presumptive / Final Diagnosis 12. Probable cause of the outbreak
13. Spot map 14. Water supply information
15. Date of stool samples collection (during the outbreak) 16. Stock position
17. Details of any control measures instituted:
Date: Signing Authority Similar ones for Vaccine preventable diseases and Vector borne disease may be made. In the former, details of immunization status need to be included, while in the latter, details of vector control measures need to be included. LINE LISTING OF CASES
Key to the form No: serial number Name: of all the suspected cases Age: if there are small children involved, then better to record the age in months for ALL Father’s name: if identification is a problem through name only Address: as detailed as possible so that later there is no problem while mapping Date of onset of symptoms: as accurate as possible as this gives an idea of the incubation period. Symptoms and signs: list the common symptoms and signs in each column. It should be filled as yes and no Treatment received: the details as well as the place at which it was received. Details include the medicines received Lab reports: the details as and when they are available. Till then, the samples taken should be filled into this column Outcome: whether the person is alive and well or whether the person is dead or whether the person is still sick Exposure to risk factors: Initially this may not be clear, but as risk factors are identified, exposure to them needs to be checked. This may necessitate going back to the initial cases and checking. Comments: any comments related to the outbreak INTERIM OUTBREAK REPORT (FOR OUTBREAKS DUE TO WATER BORNE DISEASES) (Report to be submitted by RRT within 7 days of reaching the spot) 1. RRT members 2. Name of the affected towns / villages / Blocks / Districts 3. Name of the sub-center(s) / PHC(s) affected 4. Is it a high-risk area? 5. Details of staffing in the affected institutions, including vacancy positions Prior to the outbreak, existing situation now. 6. Details of the geographic location of the area, preferably supported with a map, giving details of the population – both affected and not affected the institutions and distances involved the water sources etc any other risk factors 7. Date of onset of first case 8. Date of reporting of first case 9. Date of onset of last case reported 10. Date of detection of last case reported. 11. How was the outbreak detected? 11.Main symptoms and signs 12. Epidemic curve 13. Details of possible transmission – preferably graphically.
15. Probable diagnosis 16. Lab diagnosis 17. Information of Laboratory Examination 23. Cause of the outbreak (Detail information of the reasons of water contamination) 24. Details of containment measures taken 25. Details of the mortality audit – 1. Name of the diseased : 2. Age : Sex : 3. Complete address : 4. Symptom : 5. Date of onset illness : 6. Treatment received from whom and where : 7. If admitted, and date and time of admission : 8. Date and time of onset of treatment : 9. Condition of the patient at the time of the admission: 10. Details of the treatment : 11. Date and time of death : 12. Place of death (Home / Hosp, etc.) : 13. Whether stool sample was taken ? (If yes, result) : 14. Medical Officer’s opinion : Similar reports can be developed for the VPD and VBD. Similar format can be used for the Final report. ANNEXURES REPORT WRITING REPORT WRITING STEPS OF REPORT WRITING A standard report may contain up to 7 parts:
What is the problem you are investigating and why is it important?
What is already known about this and similar problems? What existing information and theories are you going to use to solve the problem?
What experimental steps have you taken to solve the problem?
What raw data have you obtained?
How did you transform the raw data into the data necessary to solve the problem? Show the calculations you performed on the data you collected.
What conclusions can you draw from your results? Discuss any new questions that were generated by your experiments.
Bibliographical citations of all published work from technical journals or books that you used in your study. If a theory or method is not your own, but was borrowed from another researcher’s work, you must acknowledge this by referring the reader to the paper or book in which you found the information. Source: www.chemcollective.org/oldlab/report.doc Introduction A report is a presentation of facts and findings, usually as a basis for recommendations; written for a specific readership, and probably intended to be kept as a record. When some people write a report, that's all they do: write. But the really successful writers only spend part of their time doing this, and then only towards the end. Before that, they are planning their report - thinking about its purpose, and who is going to read it; deciding what to put in it, and fitting it into shape. And even when they're finally writing it, they'll probably spend just as much time thinking about how best to present their ideas, as actually putting them onto paper. This guide draws on the experience of such writers, and describes their step-by-step approach, the six stages being: Purpose and reader Materials and structure Style and presentation The guide has been devised for you to use as a memory aid once you are back at your desk, and working on your next report. We hope that you'll find it helpful, and that you -and your readers - will benefit.
For example, it may be to inform - when, say, there's been an accident, or a new programme of work. What's needed here is a factual report - a straightforward statement of the facts - to give people an accurate record. b) Instructional report Or, it may be to explain - for example, when some change is introduced, like a revised appraisal system, or a new job evaluation scheme. Here you write an instructional report - a step-by-step description - to tell people about the new procedures. c) Leading report Lastly, it may be to persuade - when you are trying to sell your ideas. This kind is usually called a 'leading' report, because you are leading the reader towards making a decision - the one you want him or her to make. Once the major aim has been defined in this way, subsidiary aims will fall into place -thus, we inform in order to explain, and inform and explain in order to persuade. And usually the result will be a leading report - which is often the most difficult to write, because it has to motivate the reader to do something at the end.
But who is the reader? What do we really know about them? Often, they are just a dim and shadowy figure in the mind, but we can usually get a clearer picture by asking three questions: a) What does the reader know? Two common mistakes in report writing are to overestimate a reader's knowledge-and blind them with science, or to underestimate it - and bore them to tears. We must always try to discover how much the reader knows already, so that we can communicate at their level of knowledge. b) What are the reader's attitudes? However good our ideas, they may get thrown out if we don't take account of these, the reader’s special interests, likes, and dislikes. The truth has many faces, and it is only sensible to feature the one most likely to appeal to them. c) What does the reader really want? The reader is rarely a passive recipient of our report, to be swayed this way and that by our arguments. We'll need to find out just what their hopes and expectations are. Then we shall know what we're up against, and can prepare our case accordingly. Sometimes, it is difficult to answer these questions, especially when writing for a varied readership. In such cases, aim for the important reader - that is, the most important to you - but without offending others. Some are probably only on the distribution list anyway for reasons of prestige or courtesy, or because no-one remembered to cross them off. They will probably be quite happy just to read the opening summary (see p.7). 3 Setting the objective Matching the purpose to the reader, we are now ready to set our objective. In other words, what do we want the reader to think and do after reading our report? Here is an example: To persuade the managing director to authorize a proposed system of flexible working hours.
The managing director is a busy man, and has never heard of flexible working hours. We’ll need to give him ample background information, and define any technical terms as we go along. b) Attitudes He is a stickler for discipline and good timekeeping. We'll have to convince him that the scheme won't be a licence for lateness, but that, on the contrary, timekeeping might actually improve. c) Wants According to the grapevine, he is worried just now about rising costs. So we'll need to stress how flexible working hours would actually save him money, even if this means playing down other benefits. Arriving at an objective like this is the most important step in writing any report. Sometimes the process will even show that a report is not necessary at all, and that the objective can best be met in some other way - in which case, you will have saved yourself a great deal of time and trouble. Materials and structure Most writers imagine that their report will be the major event in the reader's day, when, in reality, the poor fellow is awash with reading matter, drowning in facts, figures, and opinions. What he wants is easily-digested information, and then only enough to help him reach a decision. So the content of our report, and its structure, must be very carefully planned. 1 Selecting our material The two golden rules to follow when deciding what to put into a report are: a) Simplify, and be ruthless about it. Reject the irrelevant, agonize over the doubtful, and make sure you've got the essential. b) Justify your conclusions with facts, and state their sources. Build the facts into a logical and consistent case, so as to lead the reader to the same conclusions as your own. 2 Planning the structure The facts themselves should therefore be a set of directions, which will lead and guide your reader along a route. This route has to be planned before you write your report, perhaps as follows: Turn a large sheet of paper sideways, and work across it. Work horizontally, so that you can see the whole plan of your report at one time (see p.6). First, divide it into major sections. Every subject can be broken down in this way, and the headings will probably become the headings in your report. Make a list under each heading of all the points you would like to mention. Note the information that you'll need to support them. Now mark the most important points, the essential steps in your reasoning. Next, mark the least important ones, points your reader would find irrelevant. These you will probably reject. The points that remain-the unmarked ones, are the 'doubtful'. Some you may want to use as examples, or to include in the appendices. But some of these also you'll reject. Lastly, arrange the points in a final, logical sequence, so as to meet your objective. Some people write them out on scraps of paper at this stage, and shift them around until they get the order right. A plan like this will show you what information you'll need for the body of the report, and what should go in the appendices. Once written, you draw out your conclusions and add your recommendations. And last of all, you add your title page, summary, contents list, and introduction. These eight items make up the conventional structure of a report, dealt with in more detail below. 3 Rules and guidelines The following rules and guidelines relate to the conventional structure of a report. Some organizations lay down their own ('House style'). a) Title page This normally carries the title, sub-title if any, date, author's name and position, and distribution list. It may also carry a reference number or other classification (eg, confidential). But don't overcrowd the page: a clear, simple layout is always the best. b) Summary A necessity if the report is a long one. It gives busy people the gist of the report without their having to read it all; but if attractively written, it may whet their appetite, and stimulate them to read the whole thing. c) Contents list The contents of short reports may be shown on the title page - or not at all. More extensive ones should always have a separate page, listing the major sections or chapters, sub-sections if any, and appendices, and giving their page numbers. It should be laid out clearly so as to show the relationship between them. d) Introduction This gives the background to the report, and shows why it was necessary. It usually states the objective of the report (in formal terms), who called for it, and the scope and treatment. The shorter it is, the better. e) Body of the report This contains your detailed facts and findings, shows how they were arrived at, and indicates the inferences to be drawn from them, all in accordance with your horizontal plan (p.5). f) Conclusions Here you draw out the main points of your report and present a considered judgment on them. g) Recommendations Finally, set down any recommendations, relating them clearly to what has gone before. In a good report, the reader is carried along by the argument, so that by the time here aches the end, he'll need no further convincing. h) Appendices Some reports need detailed supporting information, or perhaps information that only some readers need. All this goes in the appendices. In some cases you may also need to include: j) Bibliography and/or References This lists both the books and articles consulted as a basis for the report, or those you want to suggest as further reading - or both. Make clear which they are. k) Glossary or Nomenclature This can be a help if your readers include non-experts as well as experts. When writing on a specialist subject for non-experts alone, define any technical terms as you go along. Style and presentation Having dealt with the four essential stages in planning our report, we can now look at the two essential aspects of writing it. 1 Style This is how you write - how any individual writes, so as to convey your thoughts to other people. But problems may arise, especially if you try to evaluate each word or sentence as you write it. 'That's silly,' you say, or, 'That won't work,' and you end up by blocking the natural expression of your ideas. To overcome these problems:
You may need to use tables, graphs, bar charts, or other diagrams. This is a subject in itself, so ask your local librarian for some helpful books. (The standard work, but expensive, is Diagrams, by A. Lockwood, published by Studio Vista.) Also, remember the old journalistic principle: solid blocks of type weary the eye. Set your report out generously. Use wide margins; space out paragraphs; and indent subheadings. It will make all the difference. Helpful books General reference material Get to know your local reference library and the librarians in charge. They are used to handling every type of enquiry, and will help you to draw on a wealth of immediately available reference material, in the shape of encyclopaedias, dictionaries, directories, handbooks, year-books, statistical returns, abstracts, etc. They are also able to draw on the help of other, specialist, libraries and information services, many of which are not known to the general public. Books on report writing For anyone wanting to know more about the actual job of report writing, we recommend the following: 1. How to write reports John Mitchell. (Fontana/Collins) 2. Report writing A. E. Derbyshire. (Edward Arnold) 3. Writing technical reports Bruce M. Cooper. (Pelican) 4. The technique of clear writing Robert Gunning. (McGraw-Hill) A writer's friends There are also a number of books which should be by your side whenever you write a report. We have limited the list below to those in paperback or inexpensive hardback editions: 1.Chambers Twentieth Century Dictionary or 2.The Concise Oxford Dictionary (or ideally both) 3.Roget's Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases (Longmans) 4.Authors' and Printers' Dictionary F. Howard Collins. (OUP) 5.The Complete Plain Words Sir Ernest Gowers. (Penguin) 6.Fowler's Modern English Usage (OUP) 7.Usage and Abusage - a guide to good English Eric Partridge. (Penguin) ANNEXURES How to Review an Article
TABLE 1 Criteria for manuscript review 1. Scientific quality of the work _ Are the methods appropriate and presented in sufficient detail to allow the results to be repeated? _ Are the data adequate to support the conclusions?
_ Writing: Is it clear, concise, and in good English? _ Title: Is it specific and does it reflect the content of the manuscript? _ Abstract: Is it brief and does it indicate the purpose of the work, what was done, what was found, and the significance? _ Figures: Are they justified? Are they sharp, with lettering proportionate to the size of the figure? Are there legends to explain the figures? _ Tables: Can they be simplified or condensed? Should any be omitted? _ Trade names, abbreviations, symbols: Are these misused?
_ Are there violations of the Guiding Principles in the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals? _ If the research involved human subjects, were the studies performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki? If you have concerns about the welfare of animal or human subjects used by the authors, include written comments to the editor. 4. Rating _ Assign a rating on the reviewer form; rank the manuscript relative to other work in the same field. 5. Confidential comments _ Provide comments regarding the novelty and significance of the manuscript. _ Provide a recommendation about the manuscript’s suitability for publication in the journal; these comments will not be returned to the author(s). 6. Comments for authors _ On the reviewer form, provide specific comments, preferably numbered, on the design, presentation of data, results, and discussion. DO NOT include recommendations for publication on the second page. _ Please be certain that your comments to the author(s) are consistent with your rating recommendation. 7. Privileged document _ This manuscript is a privileged communication; the data and findings are the exclusive property of the author(s) and should not be disclosed to others who might use this information in their research. _ The manuscript, illustrations, and tables should be destroyed upon completing the review or, if anticipating a revision, kept confidential until the review process is complete. _ If you have shared responsibility for the review of this manuscript with a colleague, please provide that person’s name and institutional affiliation.
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