Europeanization of turkish subnational administrations

Contents

LIST OF TABLES 8

LIST OF FIGURES 8

LIST OF MAPS 9

ABBREVIATIONS 9

INTRODUCTION 13

THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL RATIONALE 15

SUMMARY OF THE RESEARCH INTERESTS AND QUESTIONS FOR THE THESIS 18

THE STRUCTURE OF THE THESIS 21

CHAPTER 1 THEORETICAL AND ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK: EUROPEANIZATION 23

1.1.INTRODUCTION 23

1.2.ORIGINS AND CONCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENTS 24

1.3.DETERMINING THE USAGE OF EUROPEANIZATION 31

1.4.EUROPEANIZATION RESEARCH IN CANDIDATE STATES 37

1.5.A NEW RESEARCH GENERATION FOR TURKISH-EU RELATIONS 41

1.6.CONCLUSION 45

CHAPTER 2 MULTI-LEVEL GOVERNANCE AND DOMESTIC POLITICS APPROACHES 48

2.1. INTRODUCTION 48

2.2. EUROPE DES PATRIES VS EUROPE DES RÉGIONS: TOWARDS A MULTI-LEVEL MODALITY? 49

2.3. MULTI-LEVEL GOVERNANCE AS AN ANALYTICAL APPROACH 52

2.4. THE DOMESTIC POLITICS APPROACH 58

2.6. CONCLUSION 65

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 67

3.1. INTRODUCTION 67

3.2. METHODS IN THE FIELD OF EUROPEANIZATION STUDIES 68

3.3. THE METHODS OF THE RESEARCH 73

3.4. CONCLUSION 86

CHAPTER 4 AN EMPIRICAL BASIS OF MULTI-LEVEL GOVERNANCE: SUBNATIONAL MOBILISATION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION ARENA 87

4.1. INTRODUCTION 88

4.2. A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 88

4.3. EU FUNDING MECHANISMS UNDER THE COHESION POLICY 92

4.4. EUROPEAN ACTIVITIES OF SUBNATIONAL ADMINISTRATIONS 97

4.5. FOUR STAGES OF SUBNATIONAL MOBILISATION 104

4.5. CONCLUSION 109

CHAPTER 5 DOMESTIC CONTEXT OF SUBNATIONAL ADMINISTRATIONS IN TURKEY 111

5.1. INTRODUCTION 111

5.2. NATIONAL CONTEXT 112

5.3. SUBNATIONAL CONTEXT AND POLITICS 123

5.4. CONCLUSION 130

CHAPTER 6 THE IMPACT OF EUROPEANIZATION ON TERRITORIAL RELATIONS IN TURKEY IN THE POST-HELSINKI ERA 132

6.1. INTRODUCTION 132

6.2. FINANCIAL INCENTIVES FOR REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES 133

6.3. THE CREATION OF REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES AND RELEVANT ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS 139

6.4. LIMITS ON MULTI-LEVEL MODALITY IN TURKEY 142

6.5. CONCLUSION 157

CHAPTER 7 SUBNATIONAL RESPONSE TO THE EU ACCESSION PROCESS 159

7.1. INTRODUCTION 159

7.2. GROWING AWARENESS AND SIGNS OF ADAPTATION TO THE EU 160

7.3. CHANGES IN ORGANIZATIONAL ARRANGEMENTS 169

7.4. CONCLUSION 183

CHAPTER 8 THE MOBILISATION OF TURKISH SUBNATIONAL ADMINISTRATIONS IN THE EU ARENA 186

8.1. INTRODUCTION 186

8.2. TRANSNATIONAL ACTIVITIES THROUGH HORIZONTAL NETWORKS 186

8.3. MOBILIZING IN BRUSSELS 194

8.4. REASONS FOR SUBNATIONAL MOBILISATION ACROSS THE EU ARENA 214

8.5. CONCLUSION 217

CHAPTER 9 EURO-ENGAGEMENT OF SUBNATIONAL ADMINISTRATIONS: SOME CASE STUDY EVIDENCE 220

9.1. INTRODUCTION 220

9.2. SUBNATIONAL CONTEXT AND EFFECTS OF POTENTIAL INTERMEDIATING FACTORS 222

9.3. FOUR STAGES OF EUROPEANIZATION: CONTRASTS AND SIMILARITIES 240

9.4. CONCLUSION 257

CONCLUSION 259

INTRODUCTION 259

EVALUATION OF THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS 261

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE RESEARCH FIELD AND THE LIMITATIONS 276

VENUES FOR FUTURE STUDIES 281

BIBLIOGRAPHY 283

APPENDIX 1: THE INVENTORY OF CROSS-SECTIONAL SURVEY 305

APPENDIX 2: SURVEY PARTICIPANTS 309

APPENDIX 3: INTERVIEW QUESTIONS 310

THE LIST OF INTERVIEW PARTICIPANTS 312

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Two Generations of Europeanization	21
Table 2.1 Types of Multi-Level Governance	45
Table 3.1 The position survey participants held in the organization	67
Table 3.2 Statistics about the Survey Population for Three Types of SNAs	68
Table 3.3 Composition of Interviews	72
Table 3.4 The Selection Criteria of Sample Cities	78
Table 4.1 Number of offices in Brussels established by some member states	95
Table 6.1 The Distribution of EU funds in 12 NUTS II Regions	132
Table 7.1 Is it difficult for your organization to obtain information regarding the EU issues?	158
Table 7.2 Regarding the EU’s regional policy, which national institutions do you usually contact with?	159
Table 7.3 Duration of staff both in the organization and in the current position	167
Table 8.1 Have you ever applied for an EU-funded project with the equivalent partner in the EU?	185
Table 8.2 What sorts of transnational activities have your organization conducted in the EU arena?	185
Table 8.3 Number of sister city agreements of Turkish cities	187
Table 8.4 Does your organization maintain contact with the interregional organization in Brussels?	202
Table 8.5 National Interest Organizations in Brussels	211
Table 9.1 URAK 2009-2010 Cities Competitiveness Index (out of 81 cities)	233
Table 9.2 Number of EU Projects Implemented in the Selected Cities since 2003	240
Table 9.3 Educational Background of Personnel in the Selected SNAs (2012)	244
Table 9.4 2012 Income and Expense Account for the Selected SNAs (million €)	246
Table 9.5 Membership to some European-wide Interregional Organizations	253
Table 9.6 Summary of Four Stages of Subnational Mobilisation	256