Excerpts from

409 See above, p. 222. We do not know the names of any pupil that Cyril sent abroad, apart from Critopoulos. Pantogalos and Hierotheos retired to Holland and Conopius to England only after Cyril’s death. Zacharias Ger-ganos, who published a catechism of pronounced Protestant tendencies at Wittenberg in 1622, seems to have been regarded at Rome as one of Cyril’s disciples; but he was almost as old as Cyril and had gone to Germany on the express invitation of the Elector of Saxony in 1619 (Legrand, Bibliographie Hellenique au l7e siecle, I, p. 159). Cyril probably circulated this catechism in his Patriarchate. In October 1624 de Cesi complained to Paris that ‘Calvinistic catechisms in manuscript’ were being distributed at Constantinople (E. de Hurmuzaki, Documente Privatore la Istoria Romanilor, iv, 1, p. 225).

410 The story of the printing-press is given in the sources cited above p. 271, n. 1. For a full and valuable discussion of its work see R. J. Roberts, The Greek Press at Constantinople in 1627 and its Antecedents, published by the Bibliographical Society in 1967. Roe published the instructions given to Canachio Rossi by Cardinal Bandini in his Negotiations, pp. 469-71, with a covering letter to Cyril.

411 The dispatch of the Codex Sinaiticus, popularly supposed to have been copied by Thecla the Protomartyr, is recorded by Smith, Collectanea, pp. 63 ff. See Roberts, op. cit. pp. 25-6.

412 L. Pastor, History of the Popes from the close of the Middle Ages, xxix, pp. 233-7; Hofmann, Griechische Patriarchen, Orientalia Christiana, xv, 52, pp. 21 ff. De Cesi returned as Ambassador in 1634 and remained there till 1640.

413 Smith, Collectanea, pp. 42-3. The correspondence concerning Leger’s appointment and arrival in Constantinople is given in Legrand, op. cit. iv, pp. 352-82. There is reason to suppose that Cyril tried to arrange through Critopoulos to have books printed in Venice, but Critopoulos’s tactless handling of the affair caused it to fail. See below, p. 295.

414 For Cyril’s New Testament see Legrand, Bibliographie Hellénique au l7e siecle, 1, pp. 104-8.

415 For the various editions and translations of the Confession see Legrand, op. tit. 1, pp. 237-42, 315-21, 376-80.

416 For Gennadius’s and Jeremias II’s statements of doctrine see above, pp. 183,249-54.

417 A useful summary of the Latin text of the Confession, together with the supplementary responses, is reproduced in M. Jugie, Theologia Dogmatica Christianorum Orientalium ab Ecclesia Catholica Dissidentium, I, pp. 506-7.

418 For the history of the Orthodox doctrine about the Sacraments see Ware, The Orthodox Church, pp. 281-3.

419 See below, pp. 306-7.

420 For the Orthodox view on Purgatory see Ware, The Orthodox Church, pp. 259-60.

421 See above, p. 249.

422 Letter from van Haag, printed in Smith, Collectanea, pp. 71-3. Hadjiantoniou, op. cit. pp. 102-8, discusses at length the attitude taken by contemporary and later Greek divines on the question of Cyril’s authorship of the Confession.

423 Legrand, Bibliographie Hellenique au l7e siecte, IV, p. 455. In a letter to Leger Cyril calls himself in quotation marks a ‘Calvinist Patriarch,’ Aymon, op. cit. p. 101.

424 Aymon, op. cit. p. 102.

425 Legrand, Bibliographie Hellenique au 17e siecle, in, p. 71.

426 Smith, Collectanea, pp. 56-7; Hottinger, op. cit. pp. 558-9; Philip of Cyprus, edition to Chronicon, pp. 451-3; Allatius, op. cit. m, p. 1077; Hofmann, Griechische Patriarchen, Orientalia Christiana, xv, 52, pp. 338.”

427 Smith, Collectanea, pp. 57-8; Hottinger, op. cit. p. 559; Philip of Cyprus, he. cit.; M. Le Quien, Oriens Christianus, 1, p. 334. Smith says that Pattelaras’s Christian name was Anastasius (Account of the Greek Church, p. 284, n. 1), and that Hottinger wrongly calls him Athanasius. But other sources agree with Hottinger.

428 Smith, Collectanea, pp. 58-9; Philip of Cyprus, op. cit. p. 454; Hottinger, op. cit. PP- 559-6o; A. Papadopoulos-Kerameus, Analecta, iv, pp. 98-9; Le Quien, loc. cit.; Legrand, op. cit. rv, p. 450. For Schmid-Schwarzenhorn’s letters, E. de Hurmuzaki, Documente Privatore la Istoria Rotnanilor, iv, r, pp. 639 ff.

429 Legrand, Bibliographie Hellenique au l7e siecle, iv, pp. 458-9, 461, 498.

430 The main account of Cyril’s death is given in a letter written by Nathaniel Conopius to Leger, published in Legrand, Bibliographie Hellenique au l7e siecle, iv, pp. 514-16. Hottinger (op. cit. pp. 564-6) copies it, and Smith (Collectanea, pp. 59-62) uses it, adding a few details derived from Edward Pococke, whose account, written for Archbishop Laud, was printed by Pococke in the supplement (p. 33) to his Historia Dynastiarum. It gives the date of Cyril’s death as January, not June, which, so Pococke assured Smith, was a printer’s error. Cyril’s death is also described by Allatius, op. cit. m, p. 1077, and by Schmid-Schwarzenhorn (de Hurmuzaki, op. cit. rv, 1, pp. 639-41).

431 For Cyril II’s and Parthenius I’s Councils, see J. D. Mansi, Sacrorum Conciliorum Collectio, xxxiv, pp. 1709-20. Cyril II’s death is described in a letter by Schmid-Schwarzenhorn in de Hurmuzaki, op. tit. iv, i, p. 689.

432 For Pantogalos and Hierotheos see the account given in K. Rozemond, Archimandrite Hierotheos Abbatios. For Conopius’s subsequent career see below, pp. 295-6. Pantogalos’s confession was used by Claude in his answer to Arnauld (see below, p. 307). It was poorly printed, with unfavourable comments, by the Catholic priest Richard Simon in his Histoire critique de la creance et les coutumes des nations du Levant (pp. 215-16).

433 See The Second Book of Nicander Nucius (ed. J. H. Cramer), Camden Society, xvn (1841). It gives a lively if inaccurate account of England in the later years of Henry VIII’s reign. Nicander took service under a famous estradiot, Thomas of Argos.

434 For Greek scholars and studies in Renaissance England see R. Weiss, Humanism in England during the Fifteenth Century, pp. 143-8.

435 William Wey, The Itineraries of William Wey (Roxburgh Club edition), pp. 102-15 for Greek vocabulary. Of Cyprus he complains (pp. 4-5) that the ‘eyre ys so corupte ther abowte’.

436 John Locke, Voyage to Jerusalem, in Hakluyt, Voyages (Glasgow edition), v, pp. 84, 96.

437 See J. H. Lupton, Life of John Colet, pp. 46-7, 170-1. Cranmer’s interest in the old Greek liturgies led him to introduce a form of the Epiklesis into his first (1549) prayer-book. It should be noticed that Henry Savile says in the commentary of his great edition of Chrysostom’s Opera Omnia that he was indebted to the collaboration of Greek scholars at Venice such as Margunius and G. Severus. See D. J. Geanakoplos, Byzantine East and Latin West, p. 176.

438 Edward Brerewood, Enquiries of Languages by Edw. Brerewood, lately Professor of Astronomy at Gresham College, in Purchas His Pilgrimes (Glasgow edition), I, pp. 348-57. Later in the volume (pp. 422-49), Purchas translates Christopher Angelos’s Encheiridion, for which see below, p. 294.

439 R. Burton, The Anatomy of Melancholy (Everyman Edition), I, p. 70.

440 A. C. Wood, A History of the Levant Company, pp. 8-26.

441 Sir Anthony Sherley, His Relation of his Travels (1613), pp. 6-7; Sir Thomas Sherley, Discours of the Turkes (ed. E. Denison Ross), Camden Miscellany, xvi (!936), p. 9.

442 For Biddulph and his chaplaincy see The Travels of Certaine Englishmen, compiled by Theophilus Lavender (1609) from letters written by Biddulph.

443 J. B. Pearson, A Biographical Sketch of the Chaplains to the Levant Company maintained at Constantinople, Aleppo and Smyrna, pp. 12-27. Pearson does not mention Biddulph but begins his list with Foord.

444 Thomas Smith, An Account of the Greek Church (published in 1680). It had already been published in Latin in 1676. His Collectanea de Cyrillo Lucario was published in 1707, though the material had clearly been collected many years previously, and his life of Cyril forms an appendix to the Account.

445 Extracts from Covel’s diary, kept when he was chaplain, were published by J. T. Bent (Hakluyt Society, 1st series), lxxxvii (1893). See especially p. 133. Covel’s Some Account of the Present Greek Church was published in 1722. See below, p. 319.

446 For Christopher Angelos see E. Legrand, Bibliographie Hellénique: description raisonnée des ouvrages publiés en Grec par des Grecs au l7e siecle, m, pp. 208-9; Anthony a Wood, Athenae Oxonienses (ed. P. Bliss), n, p. 633; T. Spencer, Fair Greece, Sad Relic, pp. 91-3: and his own works, Christopher Angell, A Grecian... , published at Oxford in Greek in 1617 and in English in 1618: An Encomium of the famous Kingdom of Great Britain, and of the two flourishing Sister Universities Cambridge and Oxford, published in parallel Greek and English versions at Cambridge in 1619: and Encheiridion, in Greek and Latin at Cambridge the same year.

447 Legrand, Bibliographie Hellenique au 17e siecle, v, pp. 192-218, giving also the text of Abbot’s and Roe’s correspondence about Critopoulos; a Wood, op. cit. n, p. 895.

448 Legrand, Bibliographie Hellenique au l7e siecle, iv, pp. 514-15, v, pp. 294-8; a Wood, op. cit. rv, p. 808; John Evelyn, Diary, 10 May 1639 (Everyman edition), I, p. 10. For Conopius’s activities in Holland see K. Rozemond, Archimandrite Hierotheos Abbatios, pp. 32, 57, 61, 63-5. For his report on the murder of Lucaris see above, p. 286, n. 1.

449 See above, p. 272.

450 See below, p. 308.

451 Legrand, Bibliographie Hellenique au l7e siecle, n, pp. 148, 188-93.

452 J. Georgirenes, A Description of the Present State of Samos, Nicaria, Patmos and Mount Athos (1678), and ‘From the Archbishop of the Isle of Samos in Greece, an account of his building the Grecian Church in So-hoe fields, and the disposal thereof by the masters of the parish St Martins in the fields,’ a broadsheet bound in Tracts relating to London, 1598-1760, in British Museum Library, 816. m. 9. (118). For the full history of the Greek Church in Hog Lane see the admirable account given in the Greater London Council, Survey of London, xxxiii (1966), pp. 278-87, 335-6, giving sources, in manuscript and printed, from the Public Record Office, the Journal of the House of Lords, the Westminster Public Library, the Historical Manuscripts Commission, the Bodleian and other collections. I am grateful to the author of the chapter, Mr P. A. Bezodis, for having allowed me to see the chapter before publication.

453 For the history of the Orthodox church founded in 1721 I am indebted to Mr Igor Vinogradoff for a resume supplied by him in Russian from the records of the Russian church in London.

454 Letter from Georgirenes to Archbishop Sancroft, in the Bodleian, Tanner MSS. xxxin, fol. 57, printed in G. Williams, The Orthodox Church of the East in the Eighteenth Century, p. lxvi.

455 For Dr Woodroffe’s Greek College see Lambeth Palace Library, Codices MSS. Gibsoniani, x, 938, 38 (model of College by Dr Woodroffe), and xiv, 951, I (Dr Woodroffe’s letter to the Patriarch); Calendar of Treasury Books, xix, p. 446, xx, pp. 149, SS2, xxii, pp. 194,423, and Calendar of Treasury Papers, iii (1702-7), pp. 42, 207-9, 362. 399-4-°°, 4°7 (Dr Woodrofie’s expenses and debts); W. H. Hart, ‘Gleanings from the Records of the Treasury,’ no. vi; Notes and Queries (2nd series), ix, pp. 457-8; G. Williams, op. cit. pp. xix-xxii; W. P. Courtney, ‘Benjamin Woodroffe,’ in Dictionary of National Biography, Lxii: A. C. Wood, op. cit. p. 227: J. B. Pearson, A Biographical Sketch of the Chaplains to the Levant Company maintained at Constantinople, Aleppo and Smyrna, pp. 43-5.

456 Williams, op. cit. p. xxii.

457 Ibid. p. xviii. The Librarian of Lambeth has had the kindness to inform me that no such copy of the prayer-book exists in the Library at present, nor can he trace any reference to show that such a copy ever existed. I have seen in the Library an undated manuscript entitled ‘A Good and Necessary Proposal for the Restitution of Catholick Communion between the Greek Churches and the Church of England’ which seems to belong to the same period and which takes the same line (MSS. Gibsoniani, vn, 935).

458 Dr Isaac Basire’s ‘A Letter, Written by the Reverend Dr Basier [sic] Relating His Travels, and Endeavours to propagate the Knowledge of the Doctrine and Discipline, established in the Britannick Church, among the Greeks, Arabians, etc’ is published as part of his The Ancient Liberty of the Britannick Church (1661), and, more accessibly, in The Correspondence of Isaac Basire, D.D. (ed. N. Darnell, 1831). I quote from the latter, pp. 115-16. See also John Evelyn, Diary, 10 November 1661 (Everyman edition), 1, p. 363. Williams, op. cit. p. xi, quotes a letter from Basire to Antoine Leger, in which he says that he sent a translation in ‘Romaic’ of the Anglican catechism to the four Eastern Patriarchs. The Patriarch of Alexandria seems not to have replied, but the other three greatly praised it.

459 For the debate between Claude and Arnauld see A. Arnauld, La Perpetuité de la foy, and Claude’s reply, Reponse au Livre de Mr. Arnauld entitulé La Perpetuité de la foy; also J. Aymon, Monuments authentiques de la religion des Grecs et de la fausseté de plusieurs confessions de foi des Chretiens, pp. 38ff.: Thomas Smith, An Account of the Greek Church, pp. 277-9. The Huguenots seem to have derived their information from Meletius Pantogalos, a disciple of Lucaris, who spent several years in Holland and published there a declaration of faith in support of Lucaris’s Confession; Claude quotes it as supporting his contentions {op. cit. pp. 443-4). See K. Rozemond, op. cit. pp. 30-1.

460 Smith, Account of the Greek Church, pp. 148-53. See above, p. 293.

461 This statement was extracted from the ‘Confession of Dositheus’ (see helow, PP- 350-3). and is signed by the signatories of the Confession. It is given in fuE by G. Williams, op. cit. pp. 67-76.

462 Sir Paul Ricaut (or Rycaut), The Present State of the Greek and Armenian Churches, Anno Christi 1678 (1679). Sir Paul also wrote The History of the Turkish Empire from 1623 to 1677 and The Present State of the Ottoman Empire, the former published to continue the second volume of R. Knolles, The Turkish History (6th edition, 1679), and a supplementary volume, The History of the Turks, 1679-99) (1700).

463 Sir George Wheler, A Journey into Greece (1682), pp. 195, 196, 198.

464 For the catechisms see below, p. 353.

465 J. Georgirenes, A Description, Epistle to the Reader, 9th page (unnumbered).

466 G. Williams, op. cit. pp. lix-lx.

467 Thomas Ken’s will, given in W. Hawkins, Short Account of Ken’s Life, p. 27.

468 M. Constantinides, The Greek Orthodox Church in London, pp. 9-10. The archives of the Russian church in London (see above, p. 300, n. 1) report that the Jesuits put it about that they were Papal spies.

469 G. Williams, op. tit. pp. lx-lxi; T. Lathbury, History of the Non-Jurors, p. 356.

470 The history of the Non-Jurors’ dealings with the Orthodox was first told by T. Lathbury in 1845 (op. tit., pp. 309-61). He derived his information from Bishop Jolly’s manuscript records. It was told more fully by G. Williams, in 1868 (op. cit.), which is entirely concerned with the transactions and their background. Some minor corrections to Williams’s narrative are given in J. H. Overton, The Non-Jurors, their Lives, Principles and Writings (1902), pp. 45iff. See also J. Skinner, Ecclesiastical History of Scotland, n, pp. 634-40.

471 G. Williams, op. cit. pp. 3-11.

472 Ibid. pp. 12-14: T. Lathbury, op. cit. pp. 318-19: archives of the Russian church in London.

473 G. Williams, op. cit. pp. 15-83; T. Lathbury, op. cit. pp. 319-35.

474 G. Williams, op. tit. pp. 83-102; T. Lathbury, op. tit. pp. 311, 336-41.

475 G. Williams, op. cit. pp. 103-68; T. Lathbury, op. cit. pp. 342-57.

476 G. Williams, op. cit. pp. xxxviii-xxxix.

477 See above, p. 71.

478 See above, p. 76.

479 See above, pp. 108-110.

480 S. M. Soloviev, History of Russia from the Earliest Times (in Russian), v, coll. 1483-5; V. Savva, Muscovite Tsars and Byzantine Emperors (in Russian), pp. 46-9, 54-5, 272-3; Journal of the Imperial Russian Historical Society (in Russian), xli, no. 19, p. 71. Ivan did not however venture to use the title of Tsar when writing to his former overlord, the Khan of the Golden Horde, till 1493. Ibid. no. 48, pp. 180-1.

481 Historical Acts, collected and edited by the Archaeographical Commission (St Petersburg; in Russian), r, no. 39, p. 72, no. 41, p. 82; E. Golubinski, History of the Russian Church (2nd edition; in Russian), n, 1, p. 478.

482 Historical Acts, 1, no. 47, p. 94.

483 See W. K. Medlin, Moscow and East Rome, p. 78.

484 S. J. Pierling, La Russie et le Saint-Siege, 1, pp. I52ff.; Medlin, op. cit. pp. 76-7; Savva, op. cit. p. 27.

485 Collection of State Charters and Treaties (Moscow, 1813-28; in Russian), ii, no. 25, pp. 27-9; Medlin, op. at. pp. 78-80.

486 Historical Acts, 1, no. 121.

487 Historical Acts, Supplements, I, no. 23; Soloviev, op. cit. v, col. 1725; Medlin, op. cit. pp. 93-4. See Daniel ii. 44, and Revelation xii. 1, 5, 6.

488 Golubinski, op. cit. n, 1, pp. 620 ff.: Medlin, op. cit. pp. 80-5, 94-6.

489 For Gregory of Sinai and Euthymius of Tirnovo see above, pp. 155-7. F°r Nilus of Sor, Golubinski, op. cit. pp. 555-6, 571, 581 ff.

490 For Maximus the Greek see above, p. 213; E. Denissoff, Maxime le Grec et I’Occident, and ‘Les Editions de Maxime le Grec,’ Revue des etudes slaves, xxi (I944), pp. 111-20; G. Papamichael, Μαξιμος ο Γραικος; and Golubinski, op. cit. pp. 675-712.

491 Medlin, op. cit. pp. 99-100.

492 Soloviev, op. at. VI, col. 171.

493 Medlin, op. At. pp. 101-4.

494 E. Duchesne, Le Stoglav,passim; Golubinski, op. At. n, i, pp. 773 ff.; N. Kapterev, The Character of Russian Relations with the Orthodox East in the 16th and 17th Centuries (in Russian), pp. 3848.” It is interesting that the Stoglav makes use of the ‘Donation of Constantine’.

495 The letter is given in Russian Historical Library (St Petersburg; in Russian), xxii, 2, coll. 67-75.

496 The negotiations and ceremonies are given in Collection of State Charters and Treaties (ed. A. Malinovsky), n, no. 59, pp. 95-103. See also Kapterev, Character of Russian Relations with the Orthodox, pp. 55 ff. An account in verse by Archbishop Arsenios, who was on Jeremias II’s staff, is given in C. Sathas, BioypowpiKiv ISia, pp. 35-81.

497 See Medlin, op. dt. pp. 127-9.

498 Ibid. pp. 130-4.

499 Ibid. pp. 135-8.

500 Ibid. p. 139.

501 See above, pp. 262-6, and below, pp. 339-40.

502 See above, p. 264.

503 Kapterev, Character of Russian Relations with the Orthodox, p. 482.

504 See below, pp. 340-3.

505 Kapterev, Patriarch Nikon and his Beginnings (in Russian), pp. 164 ff., and pp. 19-22: W. K. Medlin, op. cit. pp. 148-53.

506 The earliest life of Nikon was written by his disciple I. Shusherin, Life of the Holy Patriarch Nikon (in Russian), published by the Imperial Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, in 1817. For his career see also N. Kapterev, Patriarch Nikon and his Beginnings, and Patriarch Nikon and Tsar Alexis (both in Russian); William Palmer’s 6-volume The Patriarch and the Tsar; and the well-referenced account in Medlin, op. cit. pp. 152-210. For the Old Believers see the autobiography of the Archpriest Avvakum, La Vie de l'Archipretre Avvakum, écrit par lui-meme, translated and edited by P. Pascal. See also F. C. Conybeare, Russian Dissenters, pp. 79 ff. For a description of the Russian Church in Nikon’s time see Paul of Antioch, The Travels of Macarius, selected by W. L. Ridding, pp. 26-90.