Foreign philology faculty the department of english language and literature

Kurs ishi bajarishning kalendar rejasi

Haftalar Qismlar	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15
Kurs ishi rejasi
Kirish
Asosiy qism
Xulosa
Adabiyotlar
Ilovalar
Rasmiylashtirish
Tekshirish
Himoya
Topshirish

Rahbar _________________________ (imzo)
CONTENTS
Introduction....................................................................................................1
Main part
Chapter I Strategies for teaching posteriority in English language
1.1 A breif description of using posteriority in English ................................4
1.2.Differences between posteriority and other related categories...............6
Chapter II Significance of the category of posteriority in English language
2.1. Challenges in using posteriority..............................................................15
Conclusion.........................................................................................................21
Used literature ..................................................................................................23

Introduction
The category of posteriority is an important aspect of English grammar. It refers to the expression of events or actions that occurred after a point in time. Understanding this category is crucial for effective communication in both written and spoken English. In this essay, we will explore the definition of posteriority, its grammatical features, its differences from related categories, its usage in various contexts, and the challenges in using it effectively. The forms 'should/would + infinitive', used to denote a future action from the point of view of the past, present a debatable problem. They are not aspect forms because they can be used in the continuous aspect, e.g.: Little did we know that we would still be waiting in three hours' time. Neither are they phase forms because they ran be used in the perfect phase, e.g.: The Cabinet thought the crisis would have finished before the elec­tion. No wonder that V. N.Zhigadlo, I. P. Ivanova, L.L. Iofik, G.N. Vorontsova and B.A. llyish qualify them as the fourth tense in the system of the English verb. However, the difference between shall wait/finish — should wait/finish and will wait/finish — would wait/finish is not that of tense: both are future.
According to A. I. Smirnitsky, the forms 'should/would + infinitive' are not tense forms, but mood forms. A detailed study of the forms in question shows that they are not mood forms. If we compare the sentences Alex said she would meet us there again the next day at 3.30 (M. Foley, D. Hall) and If I had more money, I would move (M. Fuchs, M. Bonner), it will become evident that formal iden­tity {'would + infinitive' in both cases) does not signal identity in mean­ing and function. In the 1st sentence “would meet” is opposed to “will meet” and denotes a real action following some other action in the past. In the 2nd “would move” cannot be opposed to “will move”. It denotes an
imaginary action simultaneous with or following the moment of speech. In the opinion of B. S. Khaimovich and B. I. Rogovskaya, the opposi­tion 'shall/will

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+infinitive —should/would + infinitive' forms a category of posteriority. The forms 'shall/will + infinitive' show that the action is posterior to the present moment; the forms 'should/would + infinitive' indicate posteriority to some moment in the past. Cf: ГII see you later (V. Evans). He said he would see me later. When posteriority is expressed in relation to the moment of speech it is called absolute. If posteriority is with regard to some other moment then it is relative. If we accept this category, according to the definition of the grammatical category it is expressed by auxiliary verbs shall and will for absolute posteriority and should and would for relative. Shall and will cannot denote at the same time, two meanings: those of tense and posteriority, if in this case - there are two meanings then we must admit that the auxiliaries will- would, shall-should consist of two morphemes each. Applying the usual procedure we cut the words into w-ill and w-ould; sh-all and sh-ould; w-w and sh-sh are combined into morphemes of tense, and ill-all as allmorphs of the morpheme of absolute posteriority while ould-ould - as morpheme of relative posteriority.

An overview of the English language posteriority category is presented in the study.
This course work is dedicated to illuminating the idiosyncrasies of the English posteriority category.
The objectives are as follows: Assignment: Describe the English word for posteriority.
The work's primary source of language information came from literary works, textbooks written in English by different authors, and Internet resources.
The course work's academic and practical significance resides in how well it applies to the English language.
The work's format is comprised of an introduction, two chapters and plans, a conclusion, and used literatures.


Chapter I Strategies for teaching posteriority in English language
1.1 A breif description of using posteriority in English
The system of two-member opposemes, such as shall come, should arrive, and will be writing, would be writing, are examples of the category of posteriority. They indicate whether an action is posterior with respect to the time of speech or to a previous instant.
As we are all aware, a verb's "past tense" refers to an action that occurred before the moment of speech, and a verb's "future tense" refers to an event that occurred after the moment of speech. Absolute priority or posteriority is defined as being conveyed in reference to the moment of speaking. However, in relation to some other time, there might be a relative priority or posteriority. For instance, a form like had written implies relative activity previous to some point in the past.
The form should enter expresses posteriority with regard to so не past moment, i.e. relative posteriority. The first member, of the opposeme shall enter – should enter has the meaning of ‘absolute posteriority’, and the second member ‘possesses the meaning of ‘relative posteriority’. These two meanings are the particular manifestations of the general meaning of the category, that of ‘posteriority’. The grammemes represented by should come, would come are traditionally called the future in the past, a name which reflects their meaning of ‘relative posteriority’. But there is no agreement as to the place these grammemes occupy in the system of the English verb. Some linguists regard them as isolated grammemes, outside the system of morphological categories. Others treat them as some kind of ‘dependent future tense’ and classify them with those ‘finite verb forms’ which depend on the nature of the sentence. A.I.Smirnitsky tries to prove that they are not ‘tense forms’ but ‘mood forms’, since they are homonymous with the so-called ‘conditional mood forms’. In our opinion none of these theories are convincing. The grammemes discussed are not isolated. As shown above they belong to the morphological category of posteriority. They are not «tense forms». In the sentences I know she will come. I knew she would come. I had known she would come.
Neither will come – would come, nor knew – had known is a tense opposeme, because the difference between the members of the opposemes is not that of tense. The members of the first opposeme share the meaning of ‘future’ tense, those of the second opposeme – the meaning of ‘past tense’. The only meanings the members of the first opposeme distinguish are those of ‘absolute’ and ‘relative’ posteriority. The members of the second opposeme distinguish only the meanings of ‘perfect’ – ‘non-perfect’ order. Time and tense: Time – objective, universal concept, independent of language, common to all human beings. Tense – gram. Expression of time relations, when these are realized by V-forms, it is language dependent. When speaking of the expression of time by the verb, it is necessary to strictly distinguish between the general notion of time, the lexical denotation of time, and the grammatical time proper, or grammatical temporality.
Grammatical and lexical means of expressing time: Adverbs of time, prepositional group, can make reference to time; can denote any definite moment; denote time directly. Grammatical: V- forms; it is an abstraction; - indirectly not the time proper, but an action that takes place..took place..will take place in a moment of speaking. Absolutely – the category of tense with regard to the moment of speaking. He graduated from the university – the fact happened before the moment of speaking. The absolutive time denotation, in compliance with the experience gained by man in the course of his cognitive activity, distributes the intellective perception of time among three spheres: the sphere of the present, with the present moment included within its framework; the sphere of the past, which precedes the sphere of the present by way of retrospect; the sphere of the future, which follows the sphere of the present by way of prospect. Relatively – other Vcs with regard to the moment of some other action. He said that he graduated – absolutely. He told me that he had graduated - the fact that happened before the moment of his telling me that – relatively – the category of Order. The relative expression of time correlates two or more events showing some of them either as preceding the others, or following the others, or happening at one and the same time with them.
The category of tense in English is revealed through an inflexional opposition. Meaning which reflects the objective category of time and expresses the relations between the time of the event and the time of the utterance => it denotes time absolutely. How many tense forms? Main approaches: Ask – asked – will ask. He recognizes the existence of the future tense as the grammatical form. Ask – asked inflexional, binary opposition. The problem – gram. status of shall/will: Shall/will retain their original lexical meanings of volition and obligation modal meanings and cannot be treated as pure tense auxiliaries -> no future tense 2 tenses. I will have to go there – no modal meaning -> analytical form. Future events are not facts as they have not yet happened, they are modalized rather than factual predication ->should be treated as mood forms or some special category? Where there is an opposition there is a category. Ask, will ask, asked⁻ – would ask. Non-future – future no-prospect – prospect. The category of posteriority/ prospect. The opposition of gram. forms having different gram.meanings, gram. category. Comes – will come. Came – would come.
This opposition reveals a special category, the category of posteriority ( prospect). Will come denotes absolute posteriority, would come – relative posteriority. Ask⁻ – asked⁺ the category of tense. Ask⁻ – will ask⁺ the category of prospect/posteriority. Asked⁻ – would ask⁺ the category of prospect.

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