| B. The present simple s ending
In the third person singular, a present simple verb ends in s
I know → he knows I work → she works
1) After s, sh, ch, and x we add es /iz/
Pass → passes wash → washes
Catch → catches mix → mixes
2) Some verbs ending o have es.
Go → goes /…/ do → does /…/
3) When a verb ends in a consonant + y, the y changes to ies.
Hurry → hurries copy → copies
We do not change y after a vowel.
Stay → stays enjoy → enjoys
C. The ed ending
Most verbs have ed in the past tense.
Most past participles also end in ed.
Look →looked call → called
If the verb ends in e, we add d.
Hope → hoped save → saved
When a verb ends in a consonant + y, the y changes to eid.
Hurry → hurried copy → copied
Sometimes we double a final consonant. This happened when a one-syllable verb and one consonant, e.g. beg, plan.
Beg → begged plan → planned
For more details about doubling.
D. The ing-form
1) We normally leave out e when we add ing to a verb.
Take → taking drive → driving
But we keep a double e before ing
See → seeing agree → agreeing
2) When a verb ends in ie, it changes to ying
Die → dying lie → lying
But y does not change
Hurry → hurrying
3) Sometimes we double a final consonant. This happened when a one-syllable verb and one consonant, e.g win, put.
Win → winning put → putting
For more details about doubling
E. Adverbs
We form many adverbs from an adjective + ly.
Slow → slowly calm → calmly
We do not leave out e before ly.
Safe → safely strange → strangely
But there are a few exceptions.
Due → duly true → truly whole →wholly
2) When an adjective ends in a consonant + y, the y changes to ily.
Angry → angrily happy → happily
An exception is shy → shyly.
When an adjective ends in a consonant + le, the e changes to y.
Probable → probably sensible → sensibly
When an adjective ends in ic, we add ally.
Automatic → automatically /…/
Romantic → romantically /…/
But there is one exception.
Public → publicly
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