High energy & nuclear physics

High energy & nuclear physics

• High energy & nuclear physics

• Simulation

• Earth observation, climate modeling
• Geophysics, earthquake modeling
• Fluids, aerodynamic design
• Pollutant dispersal scenarios

• Astronomy- Digital sky surveys: modern telescopes produce over 10 Petabytes per year (upto 30 TB per day)!

• Molecular genomics

• Chemistry and biochemistry

• Financial applications

• Medical images

• …

Note: a special case of 1936 Wright’s Law about he cost of airplanes?

• Note: a special case of 1936 Wright’s Law about he cost of airplanes?

• Moore’s Law (processing) (1965)

• The number of transistors on integrated
• circuits doubles every two years
• Correlate: the computing power
• doubles every 18 months
• Seems to become less true…

• Kryder’s Law (storage) (2005)

• Storage capacity doubles every 12 months

• Butter's law (optical fiber)

• The amount of data coming out of an optical fiber is doubling every 9 months

• In 3 years (36 months), networkx16, storagex8, processingx4

• In 9 years (108 months), networkx4096, storagex512, processingx64

A Quick Overview of Distributed System Models

• A Quick Overview of Distributed System Models

• An Introduction to Grid Computing

• An Introduction to Cloud Computing

Distributed system

• Distributed system

• Parallel system

• Cluster computing

• Meta-computing

• Grid computing

• Peer to peer computing

• Global computing

• Internet computing

• Network computing

• Cloud computing

N autonomous computers (sites): n administrators, n data/control flows

• N autonomous computers (sites): n administrators, n data/control flows

• an interconnection network

• User view: one single (virtual) system

• «A distributed system is a collection of independent computers that appear to the users of the system as a single computer » Distributed Operating Systems, A. Tanenbaum, Prentice Hall, 1994

• « Traditional » programmer view: client-server

1 computer, n nodes: one administrator, one scheduler, one power source

• 1 computer, n nodes: one administrator, one scheduler, one power source

• memory: it depends

• Programmer view: one single machine executing parallel codes. Various programming models (message passing, distributed shared memory, data parallelism…)

Use of PCs interconnected by a (high performance) network as a parallel (cheap) machine

• Use of PCs interconnected by a (high performance) network as a parallel (cheap) machine

• Two main approaches

• Dedicated network (based on a high performance network: Infiniband, Fiber Channel, GB-Ethernet...)
• Non-dedicated network (based on a (good) LAN)

1993 (prehistoric times!)

• 1993 (prehistoric times!)

• n°1: 59.7 GFlops
• n°500: 0.4 Gflops
• Sum = 1.17 TFlops

Ranked 1st in the top500 list of the most “powerful” (computing intensive) computers (since June 2013)

• Ranked 1st in the top500 list of the most “powerful” (computing intensive) computers (since June 2013)

• Ranked 6th in the graph500 list of the most “powerful” (data intensive processing) computers (June 2013)

• Ranked 32nd in the green500 list of the most energy efficient computer (June 2013) and 57th in December 2014

• China (National University of Defense Technology)

Rmax = 33862 (i.e., 33,9 Pflops) – Rpeak = 54902 (computing efficiency : 61,7 %)

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