Is cloud computing just an avatar of grid computing? Yes and No
Let’s have a closer look at cloud computing ;-) !
In the early stage of grid computing, its promoters (esp. I. Foster) claimed that it would dramatically change the society and its development, both in its economic and social dimensions
In the early stage of grid computing, its promoters (esp. I. Foster) claimed that it would dramatically change the society and its development, both in its economic and social dimensions
Analogy with previous networks which shaped the development of the US: railways, telephone, electricity, roads, bank networks
Argue for similar characteristics and issues: intrinsic complexity, use of/need for standards, distribution, integration (large/small)
Most Governments were convinced and invested billions of $/£/€
However, important differences were under-estimated
Consequence: this forecast failed… and governments were angry
Not a complete failure: grids are definitely useful and actually used!
But they did not re-shape the economy and the society
However they did push extremely strong ideas
Aggregation of distributed resources
Heavy use of clusters
Brokering of resources – Large scale monitoring of distributed resources
World-Wide scale
Access through the Internet
Merge these ideas with ASP (Application Service Providers)/ outsourcing and Service Oriented Architecture (SOA), and we will get the picture of cloud computing
Cloud computing have old roots
Cloud computing have old roots
John Mac Carthy (1962): “Computation may someday be organized as a public utility”
Douglas Parkhill (1966): “The Challenge of the Computer Utility”
eliminate the burden of the software/hardware management
accelerate application launches – facilitates business evolutions
allow the user benefit from economies of scale… and fire computer engineers!
A business/market vision
marketing existing under-used resources
a small set of computing power providers
a global market
an integrated « hyper-market »: computing, entertainment, learning?
for the best of a few big (too-big-to-fail) companies
"A Cloud is a type of parallel and distributed system consisting of a collection of interconnected and virtualized computers that are dynamically provisioned and presented as one or more unified computing resources based on service-level agreements established through negotiation between the service provider and consumers” (Buyya et al.)
"A Cloud is a type of parallel and distributed system consisting of a collection of interconnected and virtualized computers that are dynamically provisioned and presented as one or more unified computing resources based on service-level agreements established through negotiation between the service provider and consumers” (Buyya et al.)
“A large-scale distributed computing paradigm that is driven by economies of scale, in which a pool of abstracted, virtualized, dynamically-scalable, managed computing power, storage, platforms, and services are delivered on demand to external customersover the Internet” (Foster et al.)
Excerpts from the definitions
Excerpts from the definitions
large-scale distributed computing paradigm
driven by economies of scale
collection of interconnected and virtualized computers
presented as one or more unified computing resources
service
provider and consumers - service-level agreements
over the Internet
Other important characteristics
reliability
performance
security
http://www.ibm.com/cloud-computing/us/en/
http://www.ibm.com/cloud-computing/us/en/
(2008) « Values to customers include:
Reducing IT management complexity and skill requirements
Sharing resources among multiple applications
Accelerating application launches
Supporting both existing and emerging, data-intensive workloads
»
(2013) « Harness the power of cloud: the power of cloud enables you to supercharge innovation, gain agility, capitalize on analytics, and get personal:
hide the physical hardware – simulate the hardware: virtual machine
allows the execution of multiple OS on the same hardware
hypervisor: manages virtual machine monitors and execute base functions (e.g. scheduling)
full virtualization (e.g., VMWare): include binary translation of non-virtualizable (e.g., privileged instructions in x86) instructions
paravirtualization (e.g., Xen): modify the OS + hyper-calls to the hypervisor to replace non-virtualizable instructions
hardware-assisted virtualization: WM monitor executed in a specific “root” mode + virtualization tasks in hardware + control of the I/O by the hypervisor
or 17,500 € (no limit-processor license)+ 3,850€ maintenance
Enterprise Edition
950€ per named user + 209€ maintenance
or 47,500 € (no limit-processor license) + 10,450€ maintenance
For one computer
For one computer
From $4 to $5 per month per computer!
Unlimited data size
Possible encryption
From 20 TB 5 years ago to 40 PB in 2013
Previous previsions
Previous previsions
Gartner (2010):
$150.1 billion by 2013
identifies the Cloud as one of the four trends that will change IT and the economy in the next 10 years (http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=1470115)
IDC (2010):
the market for private enterprise Cloud servers will grow from an $8.4 billion opportunity in 2010, to a $12.6 billion market in 2014
SaaS revenue will grow five times more than traditional software
by 2014, about 34% of all new business software purchases will be consumed via SaaS
Prediction for 2016: $677 billon, incl. $310 billion for advertising (+17,7% of annual growth)
Cloud vendors are experiencing growth rates of 90% per annum (FSN, March 2013)
Steve Ballmer (Microsoft's CEO) (March 2010)
Steve Ballmer (Microsoft's CEO) (March 2010)
about 75% (90% in a year) of Microsoft customers are doing entirely cloud based or entirely cloud inspired
Real adoption of cloud: yet the early days!
75% according to RightScale (cloud service broker) – strong biais: RightScale customers!
30% according to Forrester Research
37% according to Virtustream/Neovise (cloud platform providers)
56% of UK CIOs and Senior IT leaders see complexity of their own ICT systems as the biggest barrier to their adoption of the cloud (NTT report, May 2013)
56% of UK CIOs and Senior IT leaders see complexity of their own ICT systems as the biggest barrier to their adoption of the cloud (NTT report, May 2013)
53%: launching new services and applications more quickly (80% in the transport and logistics sectors
60%: cloud providers do not appreciate how complex legacy ICT systems are, and fear migration to the cloud could fail
46%: cloud is a great enabler of ‘bring your own device’ and flexible working, through enabling remote access to data and applications
Challenge: making cloud infrastructure work seamlessly with legacy platforms and applications
28%: legacy systems are too expensive (or valuable) to abandon
68% have had cloud-based systems in place for two years or less
Integration of legacy systems
Integration of legacy systems
Limited customization
Complexity
Lack of standards
(almost) Impossible migration/reversion
Security, Privacy
Legal issues and regulations
Reliability
Performance
Financial Cost
Reorganization cost
Human cost
Collaborative computing, virtualization, dynamic provisioning of resources have definitely demonstrated their value
Collaborative computing, virtualization, dynamic provisioning of resources have definitely demonstrated their value
