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Remediation of Land Affected by Radioactive Residues

Proceedings of an International Conference on the Remediation of Land Affected by Radioactive Residues Organized by the International Atomic Energy Agency, Hosted by the Government of Kazakhstan and held in Astana, 18-22 May 2009



iaea_logo_horizotal_black copy

International Atomic Energy Agency

REMEDIATION OF LAND AFFECTED BY RADIOACTIVE RESIDUES

The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency:



AFGHANISTAN

ALBANIA


ALGERIA

ANGOLA


ARGENTINA

ARMENIA


AUSTRALIA

AUSTRIA


AZERBAIJAN

BAHRAIN


BANGLADESH

BELARUS


BELGIUM

BELIZE


BENIN

BOLIVIA


BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

BOTSWANA


BRAZIL

BULGARIA


BURKINA FASO

BURUNDI


CAMBODIA

CAMEROON


CANADA

CENTRAL AFRICAN 

REPUBLIC

CHAD


CHILE

CHINA


COLOMBIA

CONGO


COSTA RICA

CÔTE D’IVOIRE

CROATIA

CUBA


CYPRUS

CZECH REPUBLIC

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC 

OF THE CONGO

DENMARK

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC



ECUADOR

EGYPT


EL SALVADOR

ERITREA


ESTONIA

ETHIOPIA


FINLAND

FRANCE


GABON

GEORGIA


GERMANY

GHANA


GREECE

GUATEMALA

HAITI

HOLY SEE


HONDURAS

HUNGARY


ICELAND

INDIA


INDONESIA

IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF

IRAQ

IRELAND


ISRAEL

ITALY


JAMAICA

JAPAN


JORDAN

KAZAKHSTAN

KENYA

KOREA, REPUBLIC OF



KUWAIT

KYRGYZSTAN

LATVIA

LEBANON


LESOTHO

LIBERIA


LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA

LIECHTENSTEIN

LITHUANIA

LUXEMBOURG

MADAGASCAR

MALAWI


MALAYSIA

MALI


MALTA

MARSHALL ISLANDS

MAURITANIA

MAURITIUS

MEXICO

MONACO


MONGOLIA

MONTENEGRO

MOROCCO

MOZAMBIQUE



MYANMAR

NAMIBIA


NEPAL

NETHERLANDS

NEW ZEALAND

NICARAGUA

NIGER

NIGERIA


NORWAY

OMAN


PAKISTAN

PALAU


PANAMA

PARAGUAY


PERU

PHILIPPINES

POLAND

PORTUGAL


QATAR

REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA

ROMANIA

RUSSIAN FEDERATION



SAUDI ARABIA

SENEGAL


SERBIA

SEYCHELLES

SIERRA LEONE

SINGAPORE

SLOVAKIA

SLOVENIA


SOUTH AFRICA

SPAIN


SRI LANKA

SUDAN


SWEDEN

SWITZERLAND

SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC

TAJIKISTAN

THAILAND

THE FORMER YUGOSLAV 

REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA

TUNISIA


TURKEY

UGANDA


UKRAINE

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

UNITED KINGDOM OF 

GREAT BRITAIN AND 

NORTHERN IRELAND

UNITED REPUBLIC 

OF TANZANIA

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

URUGUAY

UZBEKISTAN



VENEZUELA

VIETNAM


YEMEN

ZAMBIA
ZIMBABWE




The IAEA’s Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of the IAEA held at United Nations Headquarters, New York; it entered into force on 29 July 1957. The Headquarters of the IAEA are situated in Vienna. Its principal objective is “to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world”

PROCEEDINGS SERIES

REMEDIATION OF LAND AFFECTED BY RADIOACTIVE RESIDUES

PROCEEDINGS OF AN INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON THE REMEDIATION OF LAND AFFECTED BY RADIOACTIVE RESIDUES ORGANIZED BY THE INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, HOSTED BY THE GOVERNMENT OF KAZAKHSTAN AND HELD IN ASTANA, 18-22 MAY 2009

INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY

VIENNA, 2012



FOREWORD

In past decades, when supplies of uranium were urgently needed for nuclear weapons production and for nuclear energy generation, the emphasis of the industry was on production, often at the expense of the environment from which the uranium ore was taken. The uranium mining activities of this era have left a legacy of tailings piles and polluted land and water courses in many countries of the world. The need to restore the affected areas is now recognized and remediation programmes are under way in many countries.

Uranium was mined in some countries which had no other nuclear or radiation related practices and, as a result, there is little or no expertise to manage the remediation. Furthermore, these countries tend to have only modest resources and so, finding funds to remediate the uranium legacy sites is often difficult. These problems have been recognized by the international community and efforts to assist countries in resolving them have been made in recent years.

With this background, the International Atomic Energy Agency decided to organize an international conference on the Remediation of Land Affected by Radioactive Material Residues with the purpose of reviewing global progress in remediating areas affected by radioactive materials – with special emphasis on areas affected by former uranium mining and milling activities. The conference was held in Astana, Kazakhstan from 11 to 22 May 2009.

This was the second conference organized by the International Atomic Energy Agency on this subject. The first was held in 1999 in Arlington in the United States of America and was titled ‘Restoration of Environments with Radioactive Residues: The Arlington conference was focused mainly on the cleanup of nuclear weapons test sites and areas affected by nuclear accidents. In contrast, the Astana conference was concentrated on legacy sites from uranium mining and milling activities.

The Astana conference was organized in eight sessions: From Arlington to Astana – Lessons Learned, International Cooperation and Support in Environmental Remediation, Complying with Safety Criteria, Innovative Technologies in Environmental Remediation, Life Cycle Planning and Stakeholder Issues, Case Studies (2 sessions), and Expediting and Enhancing Experience Exchange. This publication, which constitutes the record of the conference, includes the opening address, the invited papers, the summaries of the individual sessions and the conference president’s summary.

The IAEA gratefully acknowledges the support and generous hospitality of the Government of Kazakhstan in hosting this conference. The IAEA officers responsible for this publication were R. Edge of the Division of Radiation, Transport and Waste Safety and H. Monken Fernandes of the Division of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology.


EDITORIAL NOTE
The Proceedings have been edited by the editorial staff of the IAEA to the extent considered necessary for the reader’s assistance. The views expressed remain, however, the responsibility of the named authors or participants. In addition, the views are not necessarily those of the governments of the nominating Member States or of the nominating organizations.

Although great care has been taken to maintain the accuracy of information contained in this publication, neither the IAEA nor its Member States assume any responsibility for consequences which may arise from its use. The use of particular designations of countries or territories does not imply any judgement by the publisher, the IAEA, as to the legal status of such countries or territories, of their authorities and institutions or of the delimitation of their boundaries.

The mention of names of specific companies or products (whether or not indicated as registered) does not imply any intention to infringe proprietary rights, nor should it be construed as an endorsement or recommendation on the part of the IAEA.

The authors are responsible for having obtained the necessary permission for the IAEA to reproduce, translate or use material from sources already protected by copyrights.

CONTENTS


conference summary 19

OPENING SESSION 22

Opening Address 23

1.H. Forsstroem 24

1.H. Forsstroem 24

FROM ARLINGTON TO ASTANA – LESSONS LEARNED

(Topical Session 1) 28

2.Summary of the 1999 International Conference on the Restoration of Environments with Radioactive Residues 29

2.Summary of the 1999 International Conference on the Restoration of Environments with Radioactive Residues 29

3.Remediation of Contaminated Areas of Kazakhstan 33

3.Remediation of Contaminated Areas of Kazakhstan 33

4.International Policies and Strategies for the Remediation of Land Affected by Radioactive Residues 37

4.International Policies and Strategies for the Remediation of Land Affected by Radioactive Residues 37

5.Assisting the Return to Normal Life in Chernobyl–Affected Regions: the International Chernobyl Research and Information Network (ICRIN) 47

5.Assisting the Return to Normal Life in Chernobyl–Affected Regions: the International Chernobyl Research and Information Network (ICRIN) 47

SUMMARY OF SESSION 1 53

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AND SUPPORT IN ENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIATION

(Topical Session 2) 55

6.Remediation of Radioactively Contaminated Sites – Review of Projects Supported by the International Science and Technology Center (ISTC) 56

6.Remediation of Radioactively Contaminated Sites – Review of Projects Supported by the International Science and Technology Center (ISTC) 56

SUMMARY OF SESSION 2 62

COMPLYING WITH SAFETY CRITERIA

(Topical Session 3) 64

7.The Existing Regulatory Framework in Russia on Environmental Remediation 65

7.The Existing Regulatory Framework in Russia on Environmental Remediation 65

8.US Policies for Cleanup at Radioactively contaminated sites 69

8.US Policies for Cleanup at Radioactively contaminated sites 69

9.Principles of Uranium Stewardship: Guidance from the World Nuclear Association 73

9.Principles of Uranium Stewardship: Guidance from the World Nuclear Association 73

10.Adapting International Experience to Regulatory Supervision of Legacy Sites in the Central Asian Republics 79

10.Adapting International Experience to Regulatory Supervision of Legacy Sites in the Central Asian Republics 79

SUMMARY OF SESSION 3 84

INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIATION

(Topical Session 4) 87

11.Innovative Mathematical Modelling in Environmental Remediation 88

11.Innovative Mathematical Modelling in Environmental Remediation 88

12.Advances in the Application of Electrical Techniques for Site Remediation 93

12.Advances in the Application of Electrical Techniques for Site Remediation 93

13.Site Remediation in Practice 101

13.Site Remediation in Practice 101

14.Monitored Natural Attentuation of Metals and Radionuclides in Soil and Groundwater 107

14.Monitored Natural Attentuation of Metals and Radionuclides in Soil and Groundwater 107

SUMMARY OF SESSION 4 112

LIFE CYCLE PLANNING AND STAKEHOLDER ISSUES IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESTORATION 114

(Topical Session 5) 115

15.Balancing the Uranium Production Cycle: Central Asia as a Case Study 116

15.Balancing the Uranium Production Cycle: Central Asia as a Case Study 116

16.IAEA Preliminary Assessment of the Former French Nuclear Test Sites in Algeria 128

16.IAEA Preliminary Assessment of the Former French Nuclear Test Sites in Algeria 128

17.Social and Ethical Issues in Remediation 135

17.Social and Ethical Issues in Remediation 135

18.A Guide for the Remediation of Radioactively Contaminated Sites: EURSSEM 139

18.A Guide for the Remediation of Radioactively Contaminated Sites: EURSSEM 139

19.Improving Radioactive Waste and Source Management at the Vinča Institute 147

19.Improving Radioactive Waste and Source Management at the Vinča Institute 147

SUMMARY OF SESSION 5 150

CASE STUDIES (ENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIATION IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES)

(Topical Session 6) 152

20.Environmental Effects of Possible Landslides in the Areas of Radioactive Waste Storage in Kyrgyzstan 153

20.Environmental Effects of Possible Landslides in the Areas of Radioactive Waste Storage in Kyrgyzstan 153

21.The Radiological and Environmental Situation Near to the Decommissioned Uranium Mines in Uzbekistan 157

21.The Radiological and Environmental Situation Near to the Decommissioned Uranium Mines in Uzbekistan 157

22.Multiple Stressors – Environmental Impact at Sites Contaminated with Radionuclides and Metals 162

22.Multiple Stressors – Environmental Impact at Sites Contaminated with Radionuclides and Metals 162

23.Industrial Environmental Monitoring — a Land Restoration Costs Tracking Tool 167

23.Industrial Environmental Monitoring — a Land Restoration Costs Tracking Tool 167

SUMMARY OF SESSION 6 171

CASE STUDIES II

(Topical Session 7) 173

24.Challenges in Estimating Public Radiation Dose Resulting from Land Application of Waters of Elevated Natural Radioactivity 174

24.Challenges in Estimating Public Radiation Dose Resulting from Land Application of Waters of Elevated Natural Radioactivity 174

25.Experience of the Constraints Affecting the Implementation of Decommissioning/Remediation Programmes at Uranium Mining Sites 179

25.Experience of the Constraints Affecting the Implementation of Decommissioning/Remediation Programmes at Uranium Mining Sites 179

26.Lessons Learned from the Remediation at Villa Aldama Uranium Extraction Plant 185

26.Lessons Learned from the Remediation at Villa Aldama Uranium Extraction Plant 185

27.Occupational Exposure During Remediation Work at a Uranium Tailings Pile 190

27.Occupational Exposure During Remediation Work at a Uranium Tailings Pile 190

28.Baseline Radiological Survey of the Uranium–Bearing Region of Poli (Northern Cameroon) 194

28.Baseline Radiological Survey of the Uranium–Bearing Region of Poli (Northern Cameroon) 194

29.Romanian Experience in the Remediation of NORM Contaminated Sites – A Case Study 200

29.Romanian Experience in the Remediation of NORM Contaminated Sites – A Case Study 200

30.Radioecological Assessment and Remediation Planning of Uranium Milling Facilities at the Pridneprovsky Chemical Plant in Ukraine 206

30.Radioecological Assessment and Remediation Planning of Uranium Milling Facilities at the Pridneprovsky Chemical Plant in Ukraine 206

31.Experience Gained in Transferring WISMUT Radiation Protection Know–How to International Projects in Uranium Mining Remediation 211

31.Experience Gained in Transferring WISMUT Radiation Protection Know–How to International Projects in Uranium Mining Remediation 211

32.Justification of Remediation Strategies in the Long Term After the Chernobyl Accident 217

32.Justification of Remediation Strategies in the Long Term After the Chernobyl Accident 217

33.Experiences in the Remediation of Contaminated Land 222

33.Experiences in the Remediation of Contaminated Land 222

34.Assessment of Current Doses from Uranium Tailings 228

34.Assessment of Current Doses from Uranium Tailings 228

SUMMARY OF SESSION 7 235

EXPEDITING AND ENHANCING EXPERIENCE EXCHANGE

(Topical Session 8) 237

35.The ENVIRONET – Network on Environmental Management and Remediation 238

35.The ENVIRONET – Network on Environmental Management and Remediation 238

SUMMARY OF SESSION 8 241

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS OF THE CONFERENCE 243

CHAIRPERSONS OF SESSIONS 246

PRESIDENT OF THE CONFERENCE 247

SECRETARIAT OF THE CONFERENCE 248

PROGRAMME COMMITTEE 249

ORGANIZING COMMITTEE IN KAZAKHSTAN 250

AUTHOR INDEX 251

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS 253




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