=>ANSWER: B
1. An additional hand signal
An additional hand signal is mentioned in paragraph 3: “¼. The word many would mean, Look at my hands and see how many fingers I am showing you. This basic approach is limited in the range of numbers,¼.., but this range will generally suffice when dealing with the simpler aspects of human existence.”
Thus, an additional hand signal was used when the range of number words was restricted.
+ restricted = limited
=>ANSWER: E
1. In seventh-century Europe, the ability to count to a certain number
Scan the keyword “seventh-century Europe” then find it in paragraph 4. It is also written that: “In fact, to qualify as a witness in a court of law a man had to be able to count to nine!”
“a witness in a court of law” is a civic role and “to be able to count to nine” refers to the ability to count to a certain number. So the ability to count to a certain number was necessary in order to fulfil a civic role.
=>ANSWER: A
1. Thinking about numbers as concepts separate from physical objects
In the fifth paragraph, the writer says: “… a number is really an abstract idea instead of a simple attachment to a group of particular objects…. When the number 4 can be registered in the mind as a specific word, independent of the object being referenced, the individual is ready to take the first step toward the
development of a notational system for numbers and, from there, to arithmetic.” So thinking about numbers as concepts separate from physical objects was necessary for the development of arithmetic.
+ separate from = independent of
+ concept = abstract idea
=>ANSWER: C
1. Expressing number differently according to class of item
In paragraph 6, the writer reports: “Traces of the very first stages in the development of numeration can be seen in several living languages today. The numeration system of …for numbers according to the class of the item….”. In short, this way of expressing number was a characteristic of early numeration systems.
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