Interdisciplines of mining
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INTERDISCIPLINES OF MINING План
The origin of the production of drilling machines in Russia Drilling blast holes and wells Improving drilling machines Introduction Drilling is the process of constructing a cylindrical mining opening - a hole, a hole or a mine shaft - by destroying rocks at the face; drilling is carried out, as a rule, in the earth's crust, less often in artificial materials (concrete, asphalt, etc.). In some cases, the drilling process includes fastening the walls of wells (usually deep ones) with casing pipes and pumping cement mortar into the annular gap between the pipes and the walls of the wells. The scope of drilling is multifaceted: search and exploration of minerals; studying the properties of rocks; extraction of liquid, gaseous and solid minerals through production wells; blasting operations; artificial consolidation of rocks (freezing, bituminization, cementation, etc.); drainage of water-logged mineral deposits and wetlands; opening of deposits; laying underground communications: construction of pile foundations, etc. DRILLING THE FIRST WELLS In China, over 2 thousand years ago, for the first time in world practice, wells (12-15 cm in diameter and up to 900 m in depth) were manually drilled to extract salt solutions. The drilling tool (chisel and bamboo rods) was lowered into the hole on ropes 1-4 cm thick, twisted from Indian reed. Drilling the first wells in Russia date back to the 9th century . and is associated with the extraction of table salt solutions (Staraya Russa). Then salt mines developed in Balakhna (12th century), in Solikamsk (16th century). Impact rod drilling has long been used in Russian salt mines. To avoid rusting, drill rods were made of wood; the walls of the wells were secured with wooden pipes. The first bore well, secured with pipes, was drilled for water in 1126 in the province of Artois (France), hence deep wells with pressurized water were called artesian . Development of drilling methods and techniques in Russia begins in the 19th century . due to the need to supply large cities with drinking water. In 1831, the “Society of Artesian Fountains” was formed in Odessa and 4 wells were drilled with a depth of 36 to 189 m. In 1831–32, wells were drilled in St. Petersburg (on the Vyborg side), in 1833 in Tsarskoye Selo, in Simferopol and Kerch, in 1834 in Tambov, Kazan and Evpatoria, in 1836 in Astrakhan. In 1844, the first borehole for artesian water was laid in Kyiv. In Moscow, the first artesian well with a depth of 458 m drilled on Yauzsky Boulevard in 1876. DRILLING WELLS FOR OIL AND GAS The turning point from which rapid progress in drilling began was the development of oil production . The first oil well was drilled in the United States by accident in 1826 near Burnsville in Kentucky while searching for brines. The first oil well was laid in 1859 by the American Drake near Titesville in Pennsylvania. On August 29, 1859, oil was encountered at a depth of 71 feet (about 20 m), marking the beginning of the US oil industry. The first oil well in Russia drilled in 1864 near Anapa (North Caucasus). The first steam engines appeared in the oil fields of Baku in 1873, and 10 years later they replaced horse traction almost everywhere. When drilling oil wells on the first stage The percussion method was developed (rod, wireline, high-impact drilling with bottom flushing). In Russia, rotary rotary drilling with flushing first used in Grozny for drilling an oil well with a depth of 345 m (1902). In Surakhani (Baku), on the territory of the Kokorev plant , a well for gas production was laid in 1901. A year later, gas was obtained from a depth of 207 m, which was used to heat the plant. In 1901, the first electric motors appeared in the Baku oil fields, replacing steam engines during drilling. In 1907, a well was drilled using rotary drilling using a continuous face with flushing. clay solution. . In 1897 in the Pacific Ocean, in the area of \u200b\u200b. Somerland (California, USA), the first offshore drilling was carried out. In 1924-25 in the USSR, near Ilyich Bay, on an artificially created island, the first offshore well was drilled using a rotary method, which produced oil from a depth of 461 m. In 1934, N. S. Timofeev carried out cluster drilling on Artema Island in the Caspian Sea, in which several wells are drilled from a common site, and in 1935 the first offshore metal base for offshore drilling was built there . Since the 50s 20th century drilling is used to extract oil and gas from the bottom of the sea. In the 60s In the USSR, the speed and depth of oil and gas drilling increased noticeably. For example, in Tataria, wells drilled with a bit with a diameter of 214 mm to a depth of 1800 m are completed on average in 12-14 days, the record result in this area is 8-9 days. During 1963–69 in the USSR, the average depth of operational oil and gas wells increased from 1627 to 1710 m. The deepest wells in the world—7–8 km—were drilled in the 60s. (USA). A well was drilled in the area of Baku to a depth of 6.7 km and in the Caspian lowland ( Aralsor region ) to a depth of 6.8 km. These wells were drilled for oil and gas exploration purposes. Work on ultra-deep drilling to study the Earth’s crust and upper mantle is carried out under the international program “Upper Mantle of the Earth”. In the USSR, under this program, it was planned to drill a number of wells up to 15 km deep in 5 regions. The first such well was drilled on the Baltic Shield in 1970. THE ORIGIN OF DRILLING MACHINE PRODUCTION IN RUSSIA In 1850, a number of exploration wells for hard coal were laid in Russia. In 1871 and 1872, the first exploration wells in Russia for rock salt with a depth of 90 and 120 m were drilled near Bakhmut and Slavyansk. Fundamental changes in drilling technology occurred in Russia after the Great October Revolution. Since 1923, drilling using hard alloys, as well as shot drilling (1924–25), has been introduced in the USSR. the production of domestic hard alloys began in 1929. In 1927, V. M. Kreiter and B. I. Vozdvizhensky successfully used shot during core drilling. In 1925–26, the Sormovo plant launched the production of shock-rope machines of the “ Keyston ” type for gold exploration (later of the “ Empire ” type). A few years later, N.I. Kulichikhin developed the first domestic machines (UA-75-150) for shock-rope drilling. In 1928-1929, the production of rotary core drilling machines began at the Izhora plant (Leningrad), named after. Vorovsky (Sverdlovsk), etc. At that time, KA-300 and KA-500 machines were mainly used for core drilling at depths of up to 500 m. In the post-war years (starting from 1947), a radical re-equipment of the technical means of the geological exploration service was carried out: drilling, casing and core pipes were improved; new machines with lever-differential feed were created (ZIV-75, ZIV-150); New designs of multi-speed machines with hydraulic feed have been developed (ZIF-300, ZIF-650, ZIF-1200, VITR-2000, etc.), providing drilling of wells at depths of 300-2000 m; a number of self-propelled drilling rigs have been created; means of automation and mechanization of labor-intensive processes and new designs of rock -destroying tools have been developed.
Machine drilling of holes and wells instead of manual drilling, which was used until the beginning of the 19th century. for breaking hard rocks by explosion, it began to be introduced at the end of the 17th century, when the first drilling machines for drilling horizontal holes were invented. At the end of the 19th century. Hammer perforators appear, quickly replacing the less productive piston ones. Subsequently, high-frequency and rotary-impact (50s of the 20th century) drilling machines, installation ( pneumatic supports , manipulators) and feeding ( automatic feeders ) devices, drilling carriages, which maximally mechanized the work of the driller, were created. Drilling is carried out to remove destruction products by flushing. Lightweight and powerful electric and pneumatic hydraulic drills and high-quality drilling tools are being created that provide rotary drilling of holes in medium-hard rocks. In 1965 in Kuzbass and in 1968 in Kyrgyzstan, drilling units with an electro-hydraulic drive were used for rotary and rotary-impact drilling of holes. From the end of the 19th to the beginning of the 20th centuries. specialists tried to create an electric hammer drill . In 1879, the German inventor W. Siemens made an unsuccessful attempt to use electric current to drive a drilling machine designed for drilling holes during blasting operations. In 1885, the American inventor J. Westinghouse repeated this attempt. For the first time, wells drilled with heavy hammer drills were used instead of blast holes for breaking ore in the early 30s. at the underground mines of the Apatit plant and in Krivoy Rog. From this period, the creation of machines for underground drilling of wells began. In the mid-30s. The rod blasting method was introduced, the use of which contributed to a technical revolution in the development of high-thickness ore deposits. In 1935, A. A. Minyailo designed a machine for rotary drilling with cutters with a diameter of up to 150 mm in soft rocks. At the end of the 30s. Multi-perforator drilling of deep wells has been introduced at the Krivoy Rog mines . In 1938, A.K. Sidorenko proposed drilling with submersible perforators entering the well. In 1949–50, drilling rigs with down- the-hole hammers were tested in underground mines in the USSR (the rotation of the hammer was carried out from the surface through the drill rods). In 1954, the Novosibirsk Institute of Mining and the Kuznetsk Metallurgical Plant created an industrial prototype of the BA-100 drilling rig - the first machine in which the working fluid (energy carrier) is an air-water mixture. After working out, this mixture provides simple and reliable dust suppression during drilling. The widespread introduction of high-performance BA-100 machines in mines made it possible to widely disseminate a progressive system of mining deposits with ore breaking by deep blast holes. This machine was the basis for the creation in the USSR of a series of drilling machines (including the semi-automatic drilling machine NKR-100 in 1959) for pneumatic percussion drilling of wells with a diameter of 85-100 mm and a depth of up to 50 m, which were used in the 50-60s. Over 50% of the drilling volumes during ore mining have been completed. Since the 60s This method is being introduced into the practice of drilling deep exploration and production wells. Since 1950, in the USSR, in the underground mines of Altai, machines for drilling wells with roller bits have been developed and introduced, one of which (BSh-145) is mass-produced. In the 60s 20th century For underground drilling of wells with a diameter of 60-70 mm, rotary-impact drilling machines mounted on drilling carriages, as well as drilling rigs with powerful drill hammers and independent rotation of the tool, are being developed. Drilling of wells for blasting operations in quarries began to be used in Russia at the iron ore enterprises of the Urals in 1908. Since 1939, the USSR has mastered rotary drilling of wells with cutters with removal of drill fines by augers. In 1943, the first rotary drilling machine (with an auger, crawler-mounted) was produced in the Urals (Bogoslovsky Quarry). From 1956-57, work began on roller-cone drilling of blast holes in quarries. In 1958, a combined impact-cone drilling tool was proposed, the use of which can be used on rotary drilling machines with pneumatic blowing of wells. In 1959, production of machines (SBO-1, SBO-2) for fire (thermal) drilling for strong quartz-containing rocks began. In this case, rock destruction occurs due to the rapid heating of the face surface by gas jets escaping from the burner with a temperature of 2000 °C and a speed of about 2000 m/sec. In the 60s A standard range of roller-cone machines (2SBSh-200, SBSh-250, SBSh-320) has been developed for blasting holes with a diameter of 200–300 mm and a depth of up to 30 m. The productivity of the machines is 20–70 m per shift. Drilling of blast holes in quarries in the USSR is carried out mainly (1970) using the roller-cone method (about 70% of the well footage), auger drilling is common (about 20%), 10% of the well footage is accounted for by other drilling methods (pneumatic percussion, thermal, percussion - rope and etc.). Drilling speeds have increased significantly: the shift productivity of a roller cutter when drilling a hole with a diameter of 250 mm in hard rocks (limestone, dolomite, etc.) is 40-60 m. IMPROVING DRILLING MACHINES In the underground development of coal deposits, drilling with hammer drills and electric drills is most common; ore deposits are drilled with hammer drills, down- the-hole hammers , and roller-cone machines. The development of the mining industry requires an increase in drilling productivity by 2-4 times. To do this, it is necessary to improve mechanical drilling methods and find new ones. Improvement of drilling machines is carried out by increasing the load parameters on the tool, mechanization and automation of auxiliary operations. The creation of vibratory drills is promising . Explosive drilling has been developed, which consists of continuously processing the bottom of a well with small charges of explosive introduced into the flow of a flushing agent (air or liquid) in the form of ampoules (ampoule or cartridge explosion drilling) or a continuous jet (jet explosive drilling ) . Ampoule charges have a streamlined shape and are safe to handle, since the mixing of non-explosive liquid components of the mixture and the formation of explosives occurs directly at the face. Solid explosive charges require high impact speeds (at least 80 m/sec) to explode. In jet explosion drilling , an explosive mixture of fuel and oxidizer in the form of a flat liquid charge is formed directly at the bottom and is initiated by a eutectic mixture of potassium and sodium, injected at a certain frequency. Explosion drilling of wells makes it possible to increase drilling productivity by 2-5 times, especially in hard rocks. Work is underway to design devices for creating a pulse jet, periodically fired from a nozzle along the bottom of a well for so-called hydraulic pulse drilling, as well as electric pulse machines in which rock destruction is carried out by a powerful electric discharge. Of great interest is the mechanized drilling of vertical mine workings with large cross sections (diameter over 3.5 m) - mine shafts. Successes in creating effective means and methods of drilling are based on the study of the physical and mechanical properties of destroyed rocks, the mechanism of rock destruction during various methods and modes of drilling. In the Russian Federation, fundamental work is being carried out in the field of studying and determining the basic physical properties of rocks to assess the effectiveness of the main processes of rock destruction during drilling Yüklə 206,06 Kb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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