Él "star", elen being the ordinary word) or a poetic or archaic meaning of an ordinary word

Ringarë noun, the twelfth and last month of the year, "December" (Appendix D, SA:ring); the word seems to mean *"Cold-day".

ringë adj. "cold", also ringa (which form is to be preferred; cf. Ringarë in LotR). In the Etymologies as printed in LR, ringë is also given as a noun "cold pool or lake (in mountains)", but according to VT46:11 this noun should read ringwë. (RINGI)

Ringil noun, name of one of the great Lamps (pillared on ice), apparently contains ringë (RINGI). The name was later abandoned, as Tolkien decided to call the great Lamps Illuin and Ormal.

ringwë (1) noun "cold pool or lake (in mountains)" (VT46:11)

ringwë (2) noun "rime, frost" (LT1:265)

rista-, rista vb. and noun "cut" (RIS)

Rithil-Anamo place name "Ring of Doom", translation of the foreign word Máhanaxar that was adopted and adapted from Valarin (WJ:401). Presumably *Risil-Anamo in Exilic Quenya.

-ro pronominal ending "he", in antaváro, q.v.

roa noun "dog" (VT47:35). Also huo.

[rocca] noun "wheel" (VT46:12)

rocco ("k") noun "horse" (ROK, SA:roch; Letters:382; cf. 282 where the spelling really is rocco, not rokko. In Letters:382 the word is defined as "swift horse for riding". VT46:12 refers to an alternative form of the entry ROK that was inserted into the Etymologies; here rocco, changed from ronco ("k"), was similarly glossed "swift horse".)

#rocindi noun "debtors" (attested in the pl. in the allative case and with a pronominal ending attached: rocindillomman "from our debtors") (VT43:20-21). Variant #rucindi (similarly isolated from rucindillomman). These forms seem to have been ephemeral; Tolkien came up with them while attempting to translate the Lord's Prayer into Quenya, but the final version uses another construction.

#rohta noun "debt, trespass" (attested in the pl.: rohtar, and with a pronominal suffix: rohtammar "our trespasses") (VT43:19) Variant #ruhta. #Rohtalië, #ruhtalië *"trespass-people" = those who trespass (attested in the ablative: rohtaliello, ruhtaliello "from [our] debtors" (VT43:21)

roimë noun "hunt, hunting" (the spelling "raime" in the entry ROY¹ in the Etymologies as printed in LR is a misreading, VT46:12)

roina adj. "ruddy" (ROY²)

roita- vb. "pursue" (ROY¹)

róma (1) noun "horn" (WJ:368 - this refers to a "horn" as an instrument rather than as part of an animal; see rassë, tarca)

róma (2) noun "loud sound, trumpet-sound" (ROM). In the pre-classical Tengwar system presupposed in the Etymologies, róma was also the name of tengwa #30, which letter Tolkien would later call silmë nuquerna instead.

róma (3) noun "shoulder" (LT2:335; evidently obsoleted by # 1 and # 2 above.)

romba noun "horn, trumpet" (ROM)

rómen, Rómen noun "east" (RÔ, MEN, SA:men), "uprising, sunrise, east" (SA:rómen); also name of tengwa #25 (Appendix E). Rómenna, a place in the eastern part of Númenor, is simply the allative "eastward" (SA:rómen), cf. also rómenna in LR:47, 56. Ablative Rómello "from the East" or "[to one] from the East", hence Tolkien's translation "to those from the East" in his rendering of Namárië (Nam, RGEO:67). Masc. name Rómendacil "East-victor" (Appendix A; cf. Letters:425). Masc. name Rómestámo, Róme(n)star "East-helper" (PM:384, 391; probably ?Rómenstar must always become Rómestar, but Tolkien cited the form as Róme(noun)star to indicate the connection with rómen "east")

rómenya adj. "eastern" (RÔ)

-ron gen. pl. ending as in aldaron, see alda. The -r is actually the nominative pl. ending, to which is appended the genitive ending -o and a second plural marker, -n. Sometimes this genitive ending is added to nouns where we would rather expect -ion, since the nominative plural ends in -i; see #esseron, Wenderon under essë, wendë.

róna adj.? "east" (RÔ)

[ronco], see rocco

rondo noun "a vaulted or arched roof, as seen from below" (and usually not visible from outside); "a (large) hall or chamber so roofed", "vaulted hall" (WJ:414; VT39:9; in the Etymologies, stem ROD, the gloss is simply "cave" or "roof"; see VT46:12 for the latter gloss)

ronta adj.? noun? "hollow" (also rotwa) (LT2:347. In Tolkien's later Quenya, the preferred words for "hollow" are unqua adj. and unquë noun.)

ronya noun " 'chaser', hound of chase" (ROY¹)

roquen noun "horseman [but the Quenya word does not show gender], rider, knight" (WJ:372, UT:282)

rossë noun "fine rain, dew" (ROS¹, PM:371)

rosta noun "ascent" (LT1:267)

róta noun "tube" (LT2:347)

rotelë noun "cave" (LT2:347)

rotsë noun "pipe" (LT2:347); pl. rotser (?) in Narqelion? (Cf. QL:xiv)

rotto noun "a small grot or tunnel" (PM:365), noun "cave, tunnel" (VT46:12)

rotwa adj.? noun? "hollow" (also ronta) (LT2:347. In Tolkien's later Quenya, the preferred words for "hollow" are unqua adj. and unquë noun.)

Rú noun "Drûg", Rúatan pl. Rúatani "Drúedain" (UT:385)

#ruc- (1) ("k") vb. "feel fear or horror" (1st pers. aorist rucin "I feel fear or horror"); the verb is said to be constructed with "from" (sc. the ablative case, or prepositions like ho or va?) of the object feared. (WJ:415) Hence e.g. *rucin i ulundollo (or, *rucin ho/va i ulundo) for "I fear the monster"?

#ruc- (2) vb. "fly (to)", in the phrase ortírielyanna rucimmë, "to thy patronage we fly" (VT44:7). If this is really the same verb as ruc- #1 above, it would indicate that ruc- combined with the allative case implies flying in horror to some refuge (denoted by the allative noun).

rúcima ("k") adj. "terrible" (WJ:415)

rúcina ("k") adj. (or passive participle?) "confused, shattered, disordered, ruined" in Markirya (the first version of this poem had "red skies", MC:215, changed to "ruined skies" in the final version; see MC:220, note 8)

#rucindi, see rocindi

ruhta- (1) vb. "terrify" (WJ:415)

ruhta (2), see rohta

rúma- vb. "shift, move, heave (of large and heavy things)"; participle rúmala in Markirya; this was changed to rúma, evidently the naked verbal stem used as participle

Rúmil masc. name, genitive Rúmilo (WJ:398)

rúna- vb. "[to] free" (VT43:23). Compare eterúna-, etrúna-, q.v. It is not quite clear whether rúna by itself is an adjective or a verb; the gloss "free" makes room for both interpretations. If #runando "redeemer" (q.v.) is formed from this noun, it would cover "to redeem" as well.

#runando noun "redeemer", isolated from Mardorunando masc. name "Redeemer of the world" (VT44:17)

runda noun "rough piece of wood" (RUD)

rúnya noun "red flame" (SA:ruin; PM:366 gives runya)

runya noun "slot, footprint" (RUN; according to PM:366 runya also means "red flame", but SA:ruin has rúnya for this meaning)

[rusca] adj. "red-brown" (VT41:10)

rusco (stem ruscu-, pl. rusqui) noun "fox" (PM:353, VT41:10)

ruscuitë adj. "foxy" (VT41:10)

russa adj. "red-haired" (VT41:10)

Russandol masc. name "Copper-top", a nickname (epessë) of Maitimo/Nelyafinwë (= Maedhros) (PM:354)

russë (1) noun "(a head or pelt of) red hair" (VT41:10)

russë (2) noun "corruscation, †sword-blade" (RUS)

rusta adj.? "broken" (MC:214; this is "Qenya")

ruste adj.? or participle? "crumbling" (MC:214; this is "Qenya")

#ruxa- vb. "crumble"; verbal stem only attested as a participle ruxal' "crumbling" in the Markirya poem, elided from *ruxala (since the next word begins in an a).

-rya pronominal ending "his, her" (Nam, RGEO:67) in máryat "her hands", ómaryo "of her voice" (genitive of *ómarya "her voice"), súmaryassë "in her bosom" (locative of súmarya "her bosom"); for the meaning "his" cf. coarya "his house" (WJ:369)

-s (1) pronominal ending "it", seen in camnelyes, caritas, caritalya(s), tiruvantes, and utúvienyes, q.v. The ending may also be used for "he/she" as in eques (q.v.); it seems that -s covers the entire 3rd person singular.

-s (2) ending for the mysterious case sometimes called "respective", actually probably a shorter variant of the locative in -ssë. Pl. -is, dual -tes, partitive pl. -lis.

#sa "it" (isolated from ósa *"with it", VT43:36). Also compare the reflexive pronoun insa *"itself", q.v.

sa-rincë ("k"), apparently the name of the "hook" that may be attached to a tengwa letter to indicate a following s (VT46:11)

sá noun "fire" (LT1:265; "Qenya" spelling sâ. Rather nárë in LotR-style Quenya.)

saca- ("k") (1) vb. "pursue, look for, search" (QL:81; pa.t. sácë.)

saca- (Þ) ("k") (2) vb. "draw, pull" (VT43:23; this word must come from older *Þaca- because it is said to be related to sahta-, older Þahta-, "induce", q.v.)

saccantë ("k") vb. "rent" (past tense of an otherwise unattested verb #saccata- "rend"?) (SD:246)

Sahóra "the South" (LT1:248, 255; rather Hyarmen in LotR-style Quenya)

#sahta- (Þ) vb. "induce", apparently primarily in negative sense: *"tempt". Compare the gerund or abstract noun sahtië (Þ) "pressure or force (to do something against one's will or conscience)" (VT43:22-23; compare úsahtië.)

#saila adj. "wise" (isolated from alasaila "unwise" in a late source)

saira adj. "wise" (SAY, VT46:12; a later source has the alternative formation #saila as above)

sairina adj.? "magic" (evidently adj. rather than noun) (GL:72)

sairon noun "wizard" (SAY); according to LT2:337 and GL:29, Sairon is also the Quenya (or Qenya) name of Dairon (Daeron).

saiwa adj. "hot" (LT1:248, 255, 265); rather lauca in Tolkien's later Quenya

salma noun "lyre" (LT1:265)

Salmar masc. name; etymology unclear - cf. salma? (Silm)

salmë noun "harp-playing" (LT1:265; rather nandelë in Tolkien's later Quenya)

salpa- (1) vb. "lick up, sup, sip" (SÁLAP), "take a sup of" (LT1:266)

salpa (2) noun "bowl" (LT1:266)

salquë ("q") noun "grass" (SALÁK-(WÊ) )

sáma noun "mind" (pl. sámar and dual samat [sic, read *sámat?] are given) (VT39:23, VT41:5)

sambë (Þ) noun "room, chamber" (STAB)

samna (Þ) noun "wooden post" (STAB)

samnar noun "diphthongs" (sg. #samna "diphthong"?) (SAM; in one text probably dating to late 1930s, Tolkien rejects "osamnar" as the word for "diphthong", introducing the form ocamna to replace it. See VT44:13-14.)

samno (Þ) noun "carpenter, wright, builder" (STAB)

san (1) adv. "then" (MC:216; also twice in Narqelion)

san (2) adv. ephemeral word for "so" (ya(n)...san "as...so"; san na "thus be" = let it be so, "amen"); this form was apparently quickly abandoned by Tolkien (VT43:16, 24)

sana noun "day (24 hours)" (LT1:250; the later word ré is to be preferred to this early "Qenya" form, the plural of which would clash with sanar "mind" below.)

sanar noun "mind" (literally "thinker" or "reflector", suggesting an underlying verb #sana- "to think, to reflect") (VT41:13)

Sanavaldo noun "the Almighty" (SD:401)

sanca (Þ) ("k") adj.? noun? "cleft, split" (STAK)

sancë ("k") adj. "hateful" (LT2:341)

Sancossi ("k") pl. noun "the Goblins" (LT2:341)

sanda (Þ) (1) adj. "firm, true, abiding" (STAN)

[sanda, sandë] (Þ) (2) noun "name" (VT46:16)

sandastan noun "shield-barrier", a battle-formation (UT:282; probably sandastam- since the final element is derived from a stem stama- "bar, exclude". Compare talan, talam- from TALAM.)

sanga (Þ) noun "crowd, press, throng" (STAG, SA:thang, LT2:342; pl. sangar (?) twice in Narqelion). In Sangahyando (Þ) masc. name "Throng-cleaver", name of a man in Gondor (SA:thang; a footnote in Letters:425 explains that "throng" here means a closely formed body of enemy soldiers. In the Etymologies, stems STAG, SYAD, sangahyando is said to be a swordname, and LT2:342 likewise defines the word as a name of Turambar's sword: "cleaver of throngs, Throng-cleaver".

#sangië (evidently Þ, cf. sanga above) noun "necessity" (evidently in the sense of *"tribulation, pressure"; compare sanga, of which #sangië is an abstract formation). Isolated from sangiessemman "in our necessities" (VT44:8)

sanganë vb.? "gather" (MC:214; this is "Qenya")

sangwa noun "poison" (SAG)

sanwë noun "thought, an act of thinking" (VT39:23, 30; VT41:5, 13)

sanwecenda ("k") noun "thought-inspection, thought-reading" (VT41:5)

sanwë-latya noun "thought-opening", direct, telepathic thought-transfer (VT39:23)

sanwe-menta noun "thought-sending, mental message"

sanya (Þ) (1) adj. "regular, law-abiding, normal" (STAN); variant vorosanya with a prefixed element meaning "ever" (VT46:16)

[sanya] (Þ) (2) noun ?"name" (reading of gloss uncertain, VT46:16)

[sanya] (Þ) (3) noun "truth, fact" (VT46:16)

sanyë (Þ) noun "rule, law" (STAN)

sapsanta noun in allative: "grave-into" (MC:221; this is "Qenya"; notice old allative in -nta, later dual allative only)

sar (sard-, as in pl. sardi) noun "(small) stone" (SAR). In Elessar, q.v.

sára (1) adj. "bitter" (SAG)

sára (2) adj. "fiery" (LT1:248; this "Qenya" word may have been obsoleted by # 1 above)

sara (Þ) noun "stiff dry grass, bent" (STAR)

sarat (pl. sarati given) noun "letter", any individual significant mark, used of the letters of Rúmil after the invention of Fëanor's tengwar (WJ:396). Cf. sarmë.

sarco ("k") noun "flesh" (LT2:347; Tolkien's later Quenya has hrávë)

sarcuva ("k") noun "corporeal, bodily" (LT2:347)

sarda adj. "hard" (VT39:17); pl. sardë "hards" may be used in the same sense as sarda tengwi, q.v. (As an independent form we would rather expect a nominal pl. sardar.)

#sarda tengwë noun "hard sound", a term for "consonant", but not used of semi-vowels (y, w) and continuants (l, r, m, noun). (Only pl. sarda tengwi [ñ] is attested; we would rather expect #sardë tengwi with the pl. form of the adjective.) Sarda tengwi are also simply called sardë "hards", see sarda. (VT39:17)

sarmë noun "writing" (VT39:8). Cf. sarat.

sarna adj. "of stone" (SAR)

sarnë noun "stony place" (SAR; in the Etymologies as printed in LR, the gloss reads "strong place", but according to VT46:12 the proper reading is "stony place")

sarnië (sarniyë) noun "shingle, pebble-bank" (UT:463, VT42:11)

sarqua ("q") adj. "fleshy" (LT2:347)

Sarquindi ("q") pl. noun "Cannibal-ogres" (LT2:347)

#sat- vb. "set aside, appropriate to a special purpose or owner" (VT42:20). Cited in the form "sati-"; the final -i may be simply the connecting vowel of the aorist (as in *satin "I set aside"). This verb "was in Quenya applied to time as well as space" (VT42:20)

satya adj. "private, separate, not common, excluded" (VT42:20)

[sauna] (Þ) noun "wooden post", changed by Tolkien to samna (VT46:15)

saura (Þ) adj. "foul, evil-smelling, putrid" (THUS)

Sauro (Þ) (1), usually in longer form Sauron (Þ), masc. name "the Abhorred", name of a Maia, the second Dark Lord. Earlier Thauron (SA:thaur, THUS), archaic *thaurond- (Letters:380, where a special letter is used instead of the digraph th). The stem of Sauron would then be *Saurond-.

[sauro] (2) (Þ) noun "carpenter, wright, builder", changed by Tolkien to samno (VT46:15)

sáva noun "juice" (SAB)

Sáya, name of the fire-fay (GL:66)

se (1) 3rd person sg. pronoun "he, she", possibly also object "him, her" (ósë *"with him/her", VT43:29; see ó-). Compare the reflexive pronoun insë *"himself, herself".

se (2), also long sé, preposition "at, in" (VT43:30; compare the "locative prefix" se- possibly occurring in an early "Qenya" text, VT27:25)

selda adj.? (meaning not clear, related to seldë "child" (meaning changed by Tolkien from "daughter") and seldo *"boy", perhaps an adjective *"childlike", since -a is a frequent adjectival ending. Alternatively, as suggested in VT46:13, selda may be a neuter noun "child", corresponding to masc. seldo *"boy" and fem. seldë *"girl" (before Tolkien changed the meaning of the latter to "child"). (SEL-D, cf. VT46:22-23)

seldë noun "child" (meaning changed by Tolkien from "daughter"; in his later texts the Quenya word for "child" is rather hína, and the final status of seldë is uncertain. See also tindómerel.) (SEL-D, VT46:13, 22-23)

seldo noun (meaning not quite clear, likely the masculine form of seldë "child", hence *"boy") (SEL-D, VT46:13, 22-23)

seler (Þ) (sell-, as in pl. selli) noun "sister" (THEL/THELES). In a later source, the word nésa (q.v.) appears instead, leaving the conceptual status of seler uncertain.

selli (Þ) pl. of seler (THEL/THELES)

*selma (Þ) noun "a fixed idea, will" (WJ:319; only the archaic/Vanyarin form Þelma [thelma] is given)

[selyë noun "daughter", used in children's play for "fourth finger" or "fourth toe" (VT47:10, 15)]

sen- vb. "let loose, free, let go" (VT43:18)

senda adj. "resting, at peace" (SED)

*sendë, see ser-

-ser noun "friend" (SER)

ser- vb. "rest" (1st pers. aorist serin "I rest"); pa.t. probably *sendë since the R of ser- was originally D (cf. stem SED; compare rer- pa.t. rendë from RED concerning the past tense)

sercë ("k") noun "blood" (SA:sereg; the Etymologies gives yár as the Quenya word for "blood")

sérë noun "rest, repose, peace" (SED, VT44:35); see under úyë concerning the sentence úyë sérë indo-ninya símen in Fíriel's Song

Serindë (Þ) fem. name; "Broideress" (Silm) or "Needlewoman" (PM:333). Original form Therindë, q.v.

sermë noun "friend" (fem.) (SER)

sermo noun "friend" (evidently masc., since sermë is stated to be fem.) (SER)

seron noun "friend" (SER)

[setta, setya adj. "first" (possibly also "primary", but Tolkien's gloss was not certainly legible) (VT46:13)]