Masaryk university

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3during the settlements of disputes and claims. Spies collect data that reveal the intentions, plans, orders, strategies and capabilities of the enemies and provides the basic for making a decision and action. The gathered information can create the platform for analysis with the following warning. When we think about espionage, images like hidden cameras, stolen microfilms, recorders, exploding pens or cigars, stolen data, mystery spies usually come to our mind. Generally said, spies usually run the high risk to serve their country, particularly in wartime. However, in wartime there is a probability for spies to be executed if they are caught. The beginning of spying served for getting information which was mainly significant for winning various battles and wars. The significance of spying itself in military matters has been perceived since the early recorded history, and spies are as old as history itself. Like everything else, spying can be traced back to the bible. In 1480 B.C, Moses used twelve men to spy in the Land of Canaan. Every single man was taken from the different tribe. One man was called Joshua, who was a son of Nuns. In the book of Joshua we can get information about a trip of two men to Jericho where they were forced to stay in the house of Rahab, the house of a whore. From this point of view, the relationship between espionage and love stories is neither an invention of colportage nor of sec ret ser vic es, but as old as the world´s sec ond oldest cr aft. 4 Around 334 B.C. Alexander the Great established the first postal organization based on the espionage.5 Or in 878 A.D King Alfred the Great, “ pioneer of the English secret service“, as a bard strolled and observed the Danish military camps to gain sufficient information which should help the English to defeat the Danes. 6 Also in ancient China espionage played a very important role. “ Espionage, strategy and tactics were known as The Art of War – Sun Tzu, 500-320 B.C. Sun Tzu was considered to be the author of The Art of War, which was a Chinese book on military strategy. This philosophy stresses the unpredictability of battle, the importance of deception and surprise, the close relationship between politics and military policy”. The ancient Egyptian and the Hebrew used spies as well, as in the story of Rahab. Even feudal Japan used ninja spies to gather information. Also later in Elizabethan England spying played a significant role not only

3 4 Markus, Wolf. Spionage Chef im geheimen Krieg. Mün chen: List V erlag GmbH . 1997. p. 149. Markus, Wolf. Spionage Chef im geheimen Krieg. Mün chen: List V erlag GmbH . 1997. p. 150 5 Introduction and Short History of Spies and Spying. Trivia-Library.com. Web 20 March 2009 < http://www.trivia-library.com/a/introduction-and-short-history-of-spies-and-spying.htm>

6 The Art of War. Wikipedia. The Free Encyclopedia. 28 March 2009
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7but mainly in foreign politics. England in the period of the Queen Elizabeth was on the verge of disaster. In this world information was power. Francis Walsingham was the first “ spymast er ” in the modern sense. 8 His methods are similar to modern methods of espionage and under his influence many modern espionage strategies were established in England. He directed a network of spies accross the Europe, including double agents in Spain and Rome – the main enemies of the Queen Elizabeth and her protestant system. Wal singh am ci pher expert´s ability to decipher other peoples secrets messages made him a mightier man of the young Elizabeth rule. Many times in history spying was al so based on the wo man´s he lp, which demonst ra te s var ious stories , e.g. Deli lah used her beauty to betray Samson or Mata Hari spied in the First World War to gain secret information for the German Army. Spies uncover valuable information which can often provide the key platform needed to defeat the enemy. Spies usually detect and gather military, political and nowadays also industrial and technological data about one country for the benefit of another. Most modern spies work for a certain intelligence or some secret service. They are usually sent on some specific intelligence missions and actions, such as forwarding message, killing somebody, organizing a resistance or generally to find out any information that might be useful. Spying involves more than searching and then forwarding information. Sometimes the human cost of such actions can be terribly high. Spies mostly run the risk and if captured, it could mean a long prison sentence or even execution for them. To elude disclosure and betrayal, spies trust no one and learn to live fully “under cover”. Spies usually pay too high price for their decision to be involved in such dangerous activity and of course, for their success. They are forced to give up a career, family life and also friendship. Even if they retire, they are forced to make compromises. Mostly the country, where they operate, is not their homeland, but often a society, where usually the custom and language are different. These all facts make it hard and impossible for them to return to a normal everyday life. The menace of foreign espionage is mostly used as a justification for suppression and the restriction of civil rights in many countries. The defencesive side of intelligence activity which leads in preventing another nation from obtaining such data, is known as counterespionage. There are many counterespionage organizations which guard and

7 8 Hutchinson Robert. Elizabeth´s Spymaster . New York: St.Martin Press. 2006. P.9 Hutchinson, Robert.:op.cit.,10

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supervise thei r countr y´s sec rets, follow and capture spies or perhaps provide them with false information. Counterespionage services sometimes have tendency to use double agents, it means men who make believe to spy for a specific enemy, but in the matter of fact are all the time loyal. They have tendency to pretend something all the time. The assignment of double agents can create confusion. Double agents are mostly equipped with false data. Under international law, intelligence activities are not illegal and that´s why are not forbidden. However, every nation has its laws against espionage. Many years ago, spies, were mostly amateur agents with low technology. Even a radio transmitter was a scarce thing. All this entire lack was caused with the approaching World War II and the scantiness of material equipment and finance. Over the time espionage has made a big progress. Nowadays, spies use the latest scientific methods, aids and equipment. In the areas of radio signal interception and high-attitude photography new technological advances are fully used and supplemented. Also equipment from in space placed satellites and high-attitude planes has become a significant espionage technique. The procedure of code creating and decoding have become fully computerized and automated, and at the same time became very foolproof and effective. Espionage as an integral part of the intelligence activity is also related to analysis of diplomatic reports, commercial statistics, newspapers, technical publications and radio/ television broadcast etc. The espionage in the world of twenty-first century is challenging and is relatively unpredictable. No one knows what direction a new development takes. Although rising technology uncovers many secrets, individual agents still play and will play a key role in the field of espionage also in future. The prospects of that old profession – spy profession, indicate to be just as busy and interest-holding as in the past. Generally said, spying can help make the world safer, particularly in time of regional instability, white slavery, terrorism, exuberance of weapons of mass destruction and illicit traffic of drugs. There is a serious menace from international terrorism, the most significant terrorist menace comes from Al Qaida and associated networks of Al Qaida, Northern Ireland related terrorism, Islamic radicals, ETA etc. Nowadays the menace we are confronted with, is not common. It represents a threat of a different nature from anything the world has had to face before, but the contemporary world must adjust to such a new nature of threat. And also even spies must conform to it and combine their abilities, possibilities and talents according to what the mission requires and awaits. Spies working for various world-wide secret services provide governments and

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authorities with useful information to promote and defend the national security and economic prosperity. They are responsible for protecting the country and its citizens against organized threats. Their activities can save many lives and protect much of what is valuable to all of us.
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3. The First Novels with Crime Elements and their development

9 The eighteenth and nineteenths centuries brought big changes to Great Britain. The transformation of Britain into the industrial country with the help of an industrial development was a gradual and slowly process that started in the eighteenth century. This underlying industrial trend continually influenced and changed the British nation through the following nineteenth century. Great Britain was becoming the centre of an industrial life and world of ideas. Cotton mills and ironworks transformed and industrialized Northern England. While the north was transformed into an industrialized part of the country, the south, represented and dominated first of all by London, was the centre of commerce, politics, intelligence, science and culture. We can also assume that the introducing and building the railway in Britain had a positive impact on future development in this country, particularly it shortened the space and time. The industrial development had its own specifics. On the one hand British industrial expansion moved the whole country into an era of prosperity, on the other hand huge masses of population suffered from the economic problems. In rural areas, the impacts of agricultural depression were underlined by draconian laws and enclosures that drove cottagers out of their homes led to the fact that people were becoming more and more exploited or were forced to emigrate abroad. 10 In other words, British relations were connected with social injustice and a legal system was based and administered in favor mostly of the privileged and wealthy people. What was positive for the political formation in Great Britain, we can surmise, is the matter of fact that Britain was not devastated and destroyed by the revolutions and uprisings like old continental Europe. Some of these European revolutions brought their nations more civil rights and reforms in the legal fields, what was not the case in Great Britain. These nations struggled against the absolute monarchs insisting on Catholicism and mostly on legal system without firm rules. The British people of eighteenth-century were proud of their law. It was a law based on English Liberty, won during the constitutional struggles of the seventeenth century. In England all human beings were equal before the law and had the right for a trial before their peers. “ From the mid

9 10 James, Louis. The Victorian Novel. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. 2006. p.11-13 Kadlecová, Marta., Schelle, Karel. Obecn é d ejiny státu a práva. II. Stá ty západní Evropy a USA . Brno: Masarykova univerzita. 1993. p.206-207.

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11eighteenth century parliament authorized the payment of expenses in successful prosecutions if the prosecutor was poor. Moreover the attention was focused on the brutality of the eighteenth-century Bloody Code, the sense of capital punishment and prison as a place of punishment in the light of reformation” . The literature played a very important role for British people during their history, and especially the eighteenth and nineteenth century are considered as the most flourishing periods of English literature. If we should answer the question, what is the purpose of literature at all, we will get several responses. It can be said that early literary works mostly had religious or didactic purpose or even moralizing. Literature as written art in which a writing device is used to put words on paper can have hundreds of purposes, but there are some of the most important ones here. Literature has a very important function within the context of society and history. Literature is simply an instrument of the world changes because the whole world civilization is based on communication. Literature can be then considered as a fine communication to express our thoughts, wishes, hopes, presumptions and ideas and at the same time as a device to get to know about different people and races and their history. History, language, culture, science and art – that everything depends on continuous communication. The whole life of ours depend on the communication. The literature containing information about a race or people gives us the hints, clews which they have been recorded through the time. Another purpose of literature is to entertain. Such entertainment might invoke horror and sadness, sorrow or disappointment as well as laughter, surprise, enthusiasm and excitement. And the final and the most important purpose of literature is the expression of self. Self-expression, speaking our minds stands with the fact that all human beings are capable to express themselves with help of language and literature. Literature helps people discover and find themselves. It puts its readers inside into their feelings, thoughts, pasts, futures, wishes, dreams and values. From the above mentioned facts we can conclude that also the eighteenth and nineteenth-century literature in Britain had the same purpose, to entertain, to serve a good communication among people and to help to create a re ader´s self-expression etc. It can be assumed that even in the eighteenth century publishing of the books and other stuff remained an exclusive matter, not only in Great Britain but in the whole civilized world. Books were considered as an expensive luxury goods made in small

11 Emsley, Clive. The Newgate Calendar. Ware: Wordsworth Classic of World Literature. 1997. p.XIV.

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12limited amount designed and intended for the rich and the privileged people. “ Since the books of Walter Scott had been produced on a mass scale in comparison with the other authors, the previous old terms started to change. The average sale of the books grew. “ It is estimated that only between 1837 and 1901 some 60 000 novels were published in Britain” . th The origin of the novel as a literary genre in England at all can be found in the 1813 century through the work of Daniel Defoe, Samuel Richardson, and Henry Fielding. 14 It can be said that around the time when Charles Dickens and other authors won a huge audience for their serial publications, the novel reached the peak of its popularity. What should be represented in such a novel? To answer such a question, we will come to conclusion that the typical general elements of a novel are plot, setting, character, narrative method, and point of view, scope, and myth and symbolism. Another important element is length, typically having a plot which is connected with actions speech and thoughts of the character. 15 Novels can be then divided into various types and styles including gothic, picaresque, epistolary, romantic, realistic and historical novel. The publishing in the Victorian era can be distinguishe d bet ween the 1830´s and the 1870´s – the era of Trollope, Thackeray, Dickens, and George Elliot, and the 1880 and 1890´s – the period of Gissing, Moore, Corelli etc. The fiction in the Victorian era was created in accordance with unwritten set of rules which were required by the general public. These unwritten principles forbade the direct depiction of sensual or sexual things and at the same time dictated explicit ideas of class, gender and British character, which were binding.16 “ Nothing should appear in a novel that a middle-class British father would be ashamed to read aloud to his family or might make young daughter blush” . 17 While Thackeray opposed such abridgement in the preface to Pendemnis and Dickens stultified them in Our mutual friend, the most of the Victorian novel writers accentuated the very high reputation of England novels and reclined on their good sense, sanity and purity. The following generations can see it as a prudery and erderliness.

12 13 James, Louis. The Victorian Novel. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. 2006. p.14. 14 Sanders, Andrew. The Short Oxford History of English Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2000. p. 302-303 15 Velardi, Patrick. Plot, Character und Setting: A study of Mystery and Detective Fiction. Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute. 10 November 2009