Self-determination has generally been understood to refer to the right of peoples to determine
essentially of the right of all peoples to free themselves from foreign, colonial or racist domination.
Oded Haklai (2015) From Independent Statehood to Minority Rights: The Evolution of National
Self-determination as an International Order Principle in the Post-State Formation Era, Ethnopolitics,
Salvatore Senese (1989) External and Internal Self-Determination Source: Social Justice, Spring 1989,
self-determination means the right of people to freely choose their own political, economic, and
social systems. This is the right of people to self-determination once they have achieved
statehood (or state-like formation). External self-determination is that which concerns the
international status of a people. It can be summarized as the recognition that each people has
the right to constitute itself as a nation-state or to integrate into, or federate with, an existing
state. According to certain interpretations, it is a question of the right of peoples to self-
determination in the context of a stage preceding state-formation.
4
As the latter refers to
external factors and consequently succession, our example of post-soviet countries will deal
with the problem more in this meaning of self-determination. However, the internal meaning of
the phenomenon is also crucial as none of them can exist without the other.
Melandri, (2014) in her paper, reviews the literature and the methodologies used by scholars to
analyse self-determination and state-building. One of the main traits is what she calls the
‘evaluative approach’.
5
To carry out their evaluations, she found that most authors apply a
similar method. First, they set out to define what they mean by self-determination in
international law. Second, using this definition, an attempt is made to identify what limits the
principle imposes on state-builders Third, an assessment is made on whether the practice
respected self-determination standards or not. If violations are found, the authors would then
suggest ways in which compliance can be achieved in the future for violations not to be
repeated. Melandri, highlights critically how the many authors see this problem and it shows us
the lack of approaches in putting a question whether the state-building is enough for
self-determination and what are the potential consequences of it.
The history of state formation is a history of aggregation of power and territory.
6
In the classic
Weberian view, the state is that “compulsory political organization” which controls a territorial
area.
7
The scholarship examining the causal connections between state-formation, regime type,
and state failure is today so vast that any discussion must, by necessity, constitute a bird’s eye
overview.
8
State formation about self-government is generally referred to together with
succession. Secessionist movements -successful or not- appear to be widespread, occurring
everywhere from Quebec to Vermont, from Chiapas to Somaliland, and from Tibet to Papua
New Guinea. The Soviet Union, once one state, is now 15 separate states, and many of these
former Soviet republics currently face secessionist challenges from secessionist movements.
9
4
Ibid.
5
Manuela Melandri (2014) Self-determination and State-building in International Law: The Need for a
New Research Approach, Journal of Conflict & Security Law Oxford University Press, 77.
6
Fazal, T., & Griffiths, R. (2008) State of One's Own: The rise of secession since World War II. Brown
Journal of World Affairs, 15(1), 200.
7
Weber, M. 1978. Economy and Society, 2 vols. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California
Press, 54.
8
Hendrik Spruyt (2011) War, Trade, and State Formation, The Oxford Handbook of Political Science, 1.
9
Fazal, T., & Griffiths, R. (2008), 201.
Nationalism
The right to national self-determination has often been at the crux of the modern political
debate.
10
The meaning of the nation and nationalism is arguable and many scholars have put
forward their arguments. Some take it as a cultural community, some as a state itself. Since this
essay’s framework is limited, I am not going to discuss the theoretical part but the part which is
related to our topic.
According to Mark Beissinger, nationalism both in its presence and its absence played an
important role in structuring the way in which communism collapsed in the late 1980s and early
1990s.
11
In 1988 and 1989 institutional opening politicised nationalism across multiple contexts
in the Soviet Union. These conflicts, in turn, magnified divisions within the Communist Party
over how to deal with them, encouraged the spread of contention to other groups, created
enormous disorder within institutions and eventually led to the splintering of the Soviet state
into national pieces.
12
Brubaker suggests several motifs which are characteristic of nationalist discourse in the
successor states and used to justify nationalizing policies in a variety of domains. One of them
is the claim that state action is needed to strengthen the core nation, to promote its language,
cultural flourishing, demographic robustness, economic welfare or political hegemony.
13
As it can be seen both authors argue about the importance of understanding the influence of
nation on people and consequently on states which brings us again to the question of
self-determination. Especially the early years of Gorbachev’s perestroika faced massive
nationalist movements which led to secession eventually and new state formations. But now a
very important question arises, what happened after the state formation of new national
governments and are they fully independent? The following paragraphs will analyse examples
from post-soviet countries and ask a question of whether the nationalist government or new
state formation was enough for self-determination.
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