Chapter I. Occasional words and their features

The material for the study was:
* examples of occasional formations from various sources, total 146;
• a series of books by J.K. Rowling "Harry Potter", Tolkien " Lord of the rings»;
* electronic versions of Newspapers "Daily Mail”, “Mail Online”, "Morning Star".
In accordance with the objectives, the following research methods were used:
• the method of solid sample material;
• the method of analysis and synthesis;
* comparative method;
* method of linguistic-stylistic analysis.
This work consists of an introduction, two chapters, conclusion and list of references.

CHAPTER I. OCCASIONAL WORDS AND THEIR FEATURES

1.1. The concept of occasional word
Occasional words are considered to be an integral part of the chain "potential word – occasionalism – neologism".
A potential word is considered to be a unit of speech, but a potential unit in relation to language.
Linguists give a broad definition of potentiality. A. I. Smirnitsky argues that words that can be formed according to the models widely used in the word-formation system of the language, and words that have already been created, but have not yet entered the language [Smirnitsky 1954 : 28]. G. O. Vinokur believed that the potential words include those words that appear when necessary [Vinokur 1990: 31]. O. S. Akhmanova believed that the potential is the word that has not yet been used in a live speech, but it can be formed by a model that is productive in this language [akhmanova 1966 : 15].
The term "potential" can be used only describing a word that does not exist in the language, but can be included into the literary language under certain linguistic and extralinguistic conditions.
It is obvious that in linguistic science there is no specific definition of the concept of "potential word", so there are a large number of opinions of scientists about the ratio of "new word" - " occasionalism»
Modern linguists use such definition as" potential", speaking about the words that were formed by a productive word-formation model in the process of creating a statement by one specific person. Linguists oppose such words to occasionalisms, which are created by unproductive model, which may even be completely unknown to native speakers.
It is important to note that it is necessary to distinguish occasional formations and neologisms. To distinguish these terms, it is necessary to take into account the following criteria:
1. Belonging of the lexical unit to the language or speech. An important distinguishing feature of neologism from the occasional and potential words is based on the opposition of language and speech, observed by F. de Saussure. Neologism is considered a phenomenon of the language system [Feldman 1957: 34]. Potential and occasional words are defined as phenomena of speech that are not included in the language.
2. Word-formation productivity. Productivity is not an obligatory quality of neologisms: they can appear with the help of word-formative means of language, but can also be non-derivative units, for example, coming from other languages. As for occasional words, there are two approaches to their research: lexical and word-formation. Supporters of the lexical approach consider any word that is not included in the vocabulary of the language to be occasional. According to the word-formative approach, occasional and potential words are always derived, they are contextual derivatives "formed by the speaker in speech as needed", in contrast to the system derivatives constructed" in strict accordance with the word-formative laws of the language "and" fixed in explanatory and other dictionaries " [Hoods 2009 : 45]. In our study, we adhere to the second of these approaches.
3. Compliance with the laws of the language system. Here lies one of the most important differences between occasional and potential words. Potential words are produced on the model of highly productive word-formation types.
4. The word is already formed / can only appear. Occasionalisms and neologisms are specific units of the dictionary, already formed and used in speech by the author, or even already included in the language (neologisms).
5. Context dependence. Neologisms as facts of language are not tied to any context and can be used in isolation. Potential words are also the least context-sensitive and generally understood, even when used in isolation. This is explained by the fact that potential words are devoid of phraseological semantics, i.e. the meaning of such a derivative is derived entirely from the sum of the values of its components.
The brightness and singularity of both the occasional word and neologism is very clearly felt by native speakers. Neologism is a word that appeared in the language not so long ago.
The concept of neologism is often used in the history of language to characterize the enrichment of the vocabulary of the language in different periods of history, so, for example, it can be argued about the existence of neologisms of certain cultural figures, history.
In modern languages with a very developed system of word formation tens of thousands of neologisms appear every year. In people's lives, new phenomena and objects constantly arise, and, accordingly, words appear to call them. After a certain time, these words will cease to be new, and one part of the new formations will cease its short life, and the other part will be fixed in the language, will be widely used and will become an integral part of people's lives.
For the first time the word "occasionalism" was used in The article "Occasional words and lexicography" by I. Feldman. Under occasionalism she understood the word formed in the marginal model for the transmission of thoughts or ideas or to create an artistic image. Calling occasionalisms short-lived words, she believed that they could not exist out of context. Also, occasional education is considered a phenomenon in speech, not in language. Based on the name of this term, we can say that it is used only under the influence of the situation and once.
According To N. D. Holevo, every entity in the language of the people should have the author, who used the word or expression under specific conditions [Golev 1986 : 49]. The whole team can not be considered the author of the occasional word, so it is opposed to the usual. Occasionalisms are formed in different ways and are not subject to conventional and common methods of word formation. They also have characteristic features that define the essence of occasionality. First, such words belong to a certain part of speech. They are individual and unique. Secondly, such entities can be referred to as "non-normativity", since they are not fixed in the dictionary, and therefore are not the norm of the language. Occasionalisms are only suitable for describing a specific situation or phenomenon under specific conditions. Third, occasional formations are not deprived of stylistic load and expressive content. Thus, the occasional word can be defined as a non-reproducible, expressive and one-time unit of speech, which is not included in the common use and exists only in a certain context.
The occasional word is characterized by a specific, highly individual context in which it is used [Akhmanova 1966 : 284]. It goes against the words, characterized by a wide, mass use in speech.
There are two main ways of formation of occasionalism. In the first case, common, normative models of word formation in the language are used, in the second case there is a distortion of the word formation norm.
The analysis of occasional formations is mainly contextual and is carried out either by studying them or by studying the context surrounding the given formation. In this case, various methods are used, such as the study of definitions in the dictionary, morphological analysis, the study of grammatical form, the analysis of word-formation model. This study of occasional words is closely related to the stylistic characteristics of the text in which the word was used. Since occasionalisms have a greater stylistic and semantic load than words, they can be more suitable in a certain context. However, it is worth noting that such words do not claim to be fixed in the language and in the dictionary and for universal use. The occasionalism is perceived as a new word, regardless of the time of its creation and use: if it becomes usual, then the novelty will be felt always. This fact distinguishes occasionalism from another type of neoplasms in the language – neologism, the novelty of which is gradually erased in the process of using this word.
There are fundamental provisions of occasionality that must be considered when considering occasional words and expressions:
In akhmanova's dictionary it is possible to find the definition of the word "occasional", asserting that occasional words, word combinations are not usual, are not included in the common use, are characterized by a purely individual taste and are used only under certain conditions in a particular situation [akhmanova 1966 : 284]. However, occasionalism is a fact of speech and is determined by the language system. Occasionalism is a reflection of the peculiarities of language development – semantic, grammatical and word-formation. Occasionalisms do not exist in current life, they are a "hint" in the language system. They are manifested in the works of the authors, are the author's expressions, transform the potential into the actual.
Every word (language or speech) realizes its meaning in the context, but the usual (canonical) words require the so - called reproducing context, and the occasional-formative, creative.
The analysis of different types of occasionalisms can be considered to be more semantic, and it is carried out mainly using seminal and contextual methods using such methods of research as the analysis of dictionary entries, the analysis of word-formation character, functional and grammatical analysis. The structural and semantic study of occasionalisms is directly related to the stylistic analysis of a literary work.
Artistic, aesthetically significant occasionalisms are considered to be an important text-forming means, which is extremely capacious from a semantic point of view.