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Table -3.1: Diversion of forestland (category wise)
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Table -3.1: Diversion of forestland (category wise)
Table-3. 2: Diversion of forestland for non-forest use (year-wise data)
Source: Data from MoEF and from Forest & Wildlife Statistics, 2004 Table-3. 3: State-wise Diversion of Forest Area for Developmental Projects in India (1980-2003)
Source: Rajya Sabha Unstarred Question No.395, dated 05.12.2003 3.20 Findings from the Field 3.20.1 Data for such a study is available only till 1994. In 1994, according to government sources, the total area of land degraded due to industrial and mining waste stood at 2.53 lakh hectares. The highest amount of land degradation was from water erosion which stood at 571.55 lakh hectares. In total, this stands at 574.08 hectares. Both these kind of degradation happens only from two reasons, felling of trees and industrial establishment which does not have any waste management.31 3.21 Case Studies 3.21.1 Lead and Zinc Ore: EIA of Lead-Zinc mining of Dariba-Bethumni mineralized belt in district Rajasamund was carried out by Geological Survey of India (GSI). It was observed that impact of activities of mining-milling, solid/liquid disposal, transportation, construction of civil amenities and plantation have been assessed using Leopold-matrix analysis (See Box below). Leopold Matrix Procedure of Evaluating Environmental Impact It is semi-quantitative graded matrix to assess overall impact of mining and related activities on environment. Matrix method basically incorporates a list of project activities in row and environment parameters in column. Impact assessment is weighted from total score on a scale as below: TIS Impact Assessment Upto (-) 1000 No appreciable impact (-) 1000 to (-) 2000 Appreciable but not injurious, general mitigation measures are important (-) 2000 to (-) 3000 Significant impact on environment, environmental control measures to be taken (-) 3000 to (-) 4000 Injurious impacts to environment (-) 4000 to and above Alternate site for the proposed project to be selected outside the buffer zone 
3.21.2 Adverse impact of mining in the form of depletion of ground water table, deterioration in quality, land subsistence, air and noise pollution, accidents, hazards, soil toxicity were noted. Discharge from tailing ponds and waste disposal site contaminate surface and ground water. Soil contamination by fine dust from crusher and mill caused 50-500% increase in “Cu” 70-1100% in “Pb”, 70-1100% in Zn and 55-160% in “Ni” in the soil as to black ground values. Alarming increase in pH, TDS, EC, SO4, CI, F, Na, K, Ca, BOD, COD values were noted. Total environment impact score of 2750 suggested significant impact, requiring environmental management. 3.21.3 GSI in year 2002 made EIA studies in Agucha-Zinc and lead mine. It was observed that blasting activity and leakage of pollutant from tailing pond caused damage to soil and ground water near the mine. High contents of Pb in the soil of adjacent agriculture fields were recorded. While in case sand stone quarries at Bijolian (Distt. Bhilwara), change in land use pattern, blocking of channels, depletion of ground water are some of the negative impacts reported. 3.21.4 Copper Ore : EIA study of Khetri copper mine was conducted by GSI in 2002-04. Impact of mining in polluting ground water was noted in the form of high alkalinity (pH 8-12), TDS 3900 ppm, Chlorides 560 ppm and Sulphate contents were found to be 2075 ppm (due to oxidation of sulphide released from mine effluent all along the Sukhnandi passing through Khetri mine are to Gothra and Muradpur). Well water samples were found to have high concentration of TDS chloride, Nitrate, Sulphate; Ground Water in these areas is not suitable for drinking purposes. 3.21.5 Kota Stone: Kota stone, a minor mineral, is a dimensional stone used for flooring. Most of the reserves are found around Ramganj mandi. A study has revealed that waste dump accumulated over 50 years are estimated to be over 100 million ton and stretched over a length of 35 km all around Modak-Ramganj mandi. These wastes are stacked in the fertile land or dumped along the road side or into the river courses, causing extensive land degradation. Aesthetically too these dumps are damaging the otherwise beautiful landscape. 3.21.6 Lignite: Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur has carried out a study on open cast mining of lignite in Barmer. It was found that refilled mining pits (spoils) remained barren and the material near the surface spreads to adjoining fields through wind and water erosion thereby deteriorating soil productivity. Spoils had pH above 8.7 and high Na+ contents (1.59 mg/g soil) but low in available nitrogen and phosphorus and showed low dehydrogenate and phosphatasis activity but no nitrification. The technique of surface modification was attempted to restore the productivity of land and after three years of stabilization, modified spoil site had shown improvement in quality of soil. 3.21.7 Flooring-Wall Cladding Tile: Large scale land degradation can be observed in sand quarry areas producing slabs and flooring tiles in Karoli, Dholpur, Bijolian, Fedusar (Jodhpur) and Bansi Paharpur (Bharatpur). The formation is in alternate beds of splitable and non-splitable beds. Non-splitable beds are 1-3 meters thickness which are blasted and removed as waste. This results in huge quantity of waste scattered around working pits. This is impairing the utility of land and obstructing the drainage system. Cases of silicosis and bronchitis are often reported from sites of slate, sand stone and asbestos mines. 3.21.8 Such instances only represent a miniscule part of the problem. The correct extent of the problem has to be assessed first and then they have to be addressed at the policy level for which the following recommendations would be in order. Recommendations
Chapter Four Alienation of Tribal and Dalits Lands 4.1 Land and Social Hierarchy - Dalits and Adivasis in India 4.1.1 Land is not merely an important economic asset, its ownership is also socially valued, sought and denied. In rural societies, ownership of land was and to a large extent is still co-terminus with social status. Hence, its unequal distribution reflects both prevailing social stratification and also helps maintain the hierarchical structure of the society. In contrast, fair distribution of land strikes directly at the roots of an unequal social order and skewed power relations, and frees the marginalized from the clutches of perpetual bondage, for want of a sustainable livelihood. The landless, whose only remaining asset is their labour, are effectively separated from the other means of production, namely land and remain dependent on large land holders for their survival. Powerful landlords have always opposed land reforms, fearing not only loss of control of assets, but also their dominant position in society, which straddles the economic and the political realms. The denial of access to land, thereby, functions both as a means of exclusion as also a mechanism of bondage. Table 4.1 shows the operational holdings of SCs and STs in some states. Table- 4.1: Operational Holdings Among SCs & STs
Based on NSS 1992 4.1.2 The pattern of land distribution in India, therefore, reflects the existing socio-economic hierarchy. While large landowners invariably belong to the upper castes, the cultivators belong to the middle castes, and the agricultural workers are largely dalits and tribals. According to the 1991 census, 64 percent of dalits and 36 percent of tribal people were agricultural labourers who own no land and work as unregistered sharecroppers, un-recognized temporary or informal tenants or agricultural labourers for subsistence without any security. The National Sample Survey of 1992 reported that 13.34 percent of the dalits and 11.50 percent of the tribals were absolutely landless. While, in 1997, the Ninth Draft Plan Paper, placed 77 percent of the dalits and 90 percent of the tribals as either de jure landless or de facto landless in India. No uniform data on these categories is available in the country and the discrepancies in the data on landlessness from different government sources raise obvious questions of reliability. But at the same time, the data of absolute landless families proves that that the safety net of the land reforms programmes still does not cover the tribals and much remains to be done by revisiting our programmesand policies relating to the tribal communities. Yüklə 2,42 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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