Page 1 Report Substrate Materials for intersectoral biogas strategy Foreword
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161 M To L Instrument Increased access of raw material Increased biogas production Increased application Fertilizer Fertilizer Wet Wet Biogas Bio fertilizer Legal Economic Informative Feature: This instrument can be control effectively, provided sufficient size support amount. To get the effect of significance is assumed that the amount of aid must be increased significantly beyond 15 € / tonne and the disposable budget amount increased accordingly. Possible drawbacks: Delivery support will encourage decentralized and poorly coordinated transport. This will result in higher costs compared to a centralized transport solution, where installations are responsible for retrieval manure and organic fertilizer delivery. Feasibility: God is already in use. Conducted in neighboring countries: No. Support for separation of manure in a wet and a dry part, if the dry part supplied to the biogas plant Description: There are several advantages of separation of manure, the dry section contains most of the phosphorus, while the wet part is mostly nitrogen-containing. In livestock dense districts will often surplus of phosphorus, both in soil and manure. Transport of the phosphorus-rich part of manure from these areas could reduce phosphorus inputs to water. Furthermore, the wet fraction being smaller in volume so that the storage time 33 on farms is increasing even at unchanged storage capacity, which contributes to the spread-growth 'needs. The wet fraction will also rapidly lowering into the soil so that nitrogentap through NH 3 Emissions to air decreases. The drier and phosphorus-containing fertilizers fraction can be fed to the areas in need of phosphorus, optionally also organic substances, either directly or via treatment in biogas plants. What is economically most beneficial will vary. The desired effect: Increase the supply of fertilizers based feedstock for biogas plants with lower transport costs than the transport of all manure and reduce water pollution problems through redistribution of livestock manure. Feature: A support as mentioned above for delivery to the biogas plant is possibly effective management provided that support is high enough and that other means ensuring that there are enough biogas plants. Possible Disadvantages: Can be cost-intensive because it must build new facilities for separation and storage. In As with delivery support will this solution encourage decentralized mobility management which will increase the overall transportation costs. Furthermore, it is possible that a part of the energy content of the manure is lost for biogas production Feasibility: Medium Conducted in neighboring countries: No. 33 "Shelf life" is calculated here on the basis of how much manure storage is at the farm. A shelf life of such 6 months means that it is possible to store the amount of fertilizer that occurs within six months
162 M To L Instrument Increased access of raw material Increased biogas production Increased application Fertilizer Fertilizer Wet Wet Biogas Bio fertilizer Legal Economic Informative M To L Instrument Increased access of raw material Increased biogas production Increased application Fertilizer Fertilizer Wet Wet Biogas Bio fertilizer Legal Economic Informative Reward scheme for reduced greenhouse gas emissions from manure Description: It provides a compensation for documented reductions in greenhouse gas emissions from storage / spreading of manure The desired effect: Reduced greenhouse gas emissions from the storage and spreading of manure. Treatment of manure in biogas plants can be a way, probably the most effective, achieving reduced greenhouse gas emissions from the storage and spreading of manure. Feature: Can be managing effectively assuming a one manages adequate documentation, control and remuneration is high enough. Possible drawbacks: Measurement / documentation is difficult and it is hard to decide who should get paid support, farmers, biogas plant or shared. Furthermore, it would probably require very high reward rates, compared with eg. CO 2 . The tax or permit price for the effect of importance. There is uncertainty about the effectiveness of the measure because of uncertainty emissions from the storage and spreading of manure and organic fertilizer, and measurement / monitoring of these emissions. The current calculation methodology in emission inventory will capture only a portion of emission reductions Feasibility: Poor Conducted in neighboring countries: No. 1.2.3 Informative instruments Information campaign on biogas production to agriculture The desired effect: Increase the supply of manure for biogas plants Attribute: Very little effective control while the commercial profitability of biogas production from manure is poor. It can act as a supplement to other means. Possible drawbacks: Little to no effect without other measures Feasibility: Medium to good Conducted in neighboring countries: Yes, there have been several information campaigns, but often in connection with the introduction of other new virkemidler.2. Measures to increase the production of biogas from organic waste and manure
163 M To L Instrument Increased access of raw material Increased biogas production Increased application Fertilizer Fertilizer Wet Wet Biogas Bio fertilizer Legal Economic Informative M To L Instrument Increased access of raw material Increased biogas production Increased application Fertilizer Fertilizer Wet Wet Biogas Bio fertilizer Legal Economic Informative 2 Measures to increase the production of biogas 2.1 Economic instruments Investment into biogas plant Description: It provides an investment for biogas plants, to be achieved economically profitability of investment and operation. The desired effect: Increased production of biogas. Feature: This instrument is effective management. Possible drawbacks: Favors plants that use organic waste if not support differentiated Feasibility: Technical and administrative feasibility is good, but can be politically difficult because of the financial requirements to funding authorities. Conducted in neighboring countries: only combined with production support Production Support for biogas plants Description: Payable production support for biogas plant (NOK / kWh or enough / ton processed) so that it can be achieved commercial profitability of the investment and operation. It is possible to have different supporting amount depends on the amount of manure treated in the plant. The desired effect: Increased production of biogas. Feature: This instrument is moderately effective management. Uncertainty about the duration and magnitude of support will make sure it can be built few plants unless production support is guaranteed for many years.
Possible drawbacks: It is likely that plants will prioritize the most profitable raw material, usually organic waste that has a higher energy content and provides a substantial income through gate fee'en. If it is desired to produce biogas from manure can act as an incentive in that production support graded by percentage of manure in production. It may be economically difficult for authorities if the aid amount is determined for several years, or the owner of biogas plant if the amount of aid change from year to year. Feasibility: Technically good, but politically difficult to achieve sufficiently high level of support for vertical manure.
Conducted in neighboring countries: only combined with investment
164 M To L Instrument Increased access of raw material Increased biogas production Increased application Fertilizer Fertilizer Wet Wet Biogas Bio fertilizer Legal Economic Informative M To L Instrument Increased access of raw material Increased biogas production Increased application Fertilizer Fertilizer Wet Wet Biogas Bio fertilizer Legal Economic Informative Combined investment and production support for biogas plants Description: paid investment and production support to biogas plant, so as to obtain commercial profitability of investment and operation. The desired effect: Increased production of biogas. Feature: This instrument is effective control, but uncertainty about the duration and magnitude of production support will be an obstacle for many establishments, albeit to a lesser extent than by just introduce a production support. Possible drawbacks: It can be financially difficult for authorities if the amount of aid is established for several years, or the owner of the biogas plant if the amount of aid change from year to years. Also this measure favors organic waste as a raw material in the production, but it can solved through differentiation. Feasibility: Technically good, but politically difficult to achieve sufficiently high level of support manure. Conducted in neighboring countries: Yes, in Sweden and Denmark Investment to pre-treatment plant for organic waste Description: Scheme for investment in pre-treatment that accepts organic waste and producing a biosubstrat that can be used in biogas plants. In practice this means a form of sterilization / disinfection of food waste before it is sent to the biogas plant. Some municipalities may focus on getting biosubstratprodusenter selling biosubstratet for biogas plants. Today, there are few plant in Norway that provides substrate for biogas plants. The economy of plants located in the payment for examining the delivery of waste to the facility. CPA has informed that at one of these substratanleggene export substrate to Denmark where it needs to be paid particularly high cost to provision of substrate for biogas plants. The desired effect: increased access to processed biosubstrat to stimulate increased biogas production. Feature: Will lead to better knowledge of the pretreatment technology, techniques and substrate compositions that provide the greatest gas yield. Possible drawbacks: Possible that biosubstrat are exported, so this does not necessarily increase biogas treatment in Norway.
165 M To L Instrument Increased access of raw material Increased biogas production Increased application Fertilizer Fertilizer Wet Wet Biogas Bio fertilizer Legal Economic Informative M To L Instrument Increased access of raw material Increased biogas production Increased application Fertilizer Fertilizer Wet Wet Biogas Bio fertilizer Legal Economic Informative Conducted in neighboring countries: In Sweden, energy authorities decided to allocate 67 million million for 10 projects aimed at pre-treatment of substrates, production of biogas and efficiency of biogjødselhåndteringen. The project aims to increase R & D knowledge about more Effective Pretreatment for faster utråtning and increased gas production. The Swedish project is part of Sweden's efforts to support the market introduction of new technologies and solutions that enhances profitability and promotes the production of biogas (energimyndigheten.se). Innovation support to biogas and / or pre-treatment Description: Investment or production support to biogas and pre-treatment using use of innovative technology and new substrates in biogas process. The desired effect: Stimulating technology in biogas production Features: This instrument is effective management. Possible Disadvantages: Difficult to define what is innovative technology / substrate at any time. Simplified application procedure for funding from Enova / Innovation Norway Description: Several players said in the survey that was conducted in conjunction with preparation of this report that the application process for grants was too difficult and / or time consuming. By simplifying the application procedure it is possible that several biogas plants is triggered. The desired effect: Increase the construction of biogas plants Features: This instrument trust management effectively, because it will only increase the number of plants, if application procedure is the only barrier. Possible drawbacks: A simplified application procedure will increase the risk that subsidies are given to the "wrong" plant.
166 M To L Instrument Increased access of raw material Increased biogas production Increased application Fertilizer Fertilizer Wet Wet Biogas Bio fertilizer Legal Economic Informative M To L Instrument Increased access of raw material Increased biogas production Increased application Fertilizer Fertilizer Wet Wet Biogas Bio fertilizer Legal Economic Informative 3 Funding for increased use of biogas and bio fertilizer 3.1 Increased use of biogas 3.1.1 Legal instruments Development of standards for biogas Description: A standard for product quality for biogas will facilitate the application of biogas, both the seller of biogas and the buyer. This will also make it easier to mix natural gas and biogas. The desired effect: Simplify application and thus increase demand for biogas Features: This instrument is little effective control, since the demand for biogas will depend on several more weighty factors such as infrastructure etc. Possible drawbacks: Know that this is not a barrier, but being a driving force for the expanded use of biogas. It should be considered whether a Norwegian standard or an international / European standards should priority. Conducted in neighboring countries: There is no international technical standards for biogas by feed the natural gas network, but some countries have developed national example Sweden, Switzerland, Germany and France. Sweden developed in 1999 a national standard for biogas for use as fuel, and this standard is also used to feed the natural gas grid (IEA Bioenergy, 2007). Switzerland also has regulations (G13), with two different qualities that are approved for feed in natural gas network, one for the limited and one for unlimited feed. The requirements for gas for unlimited input is stricter than limited. Germany has a standard for biogassinnmating (G262) based on standards of natural gas, DVGW G260. Here, too, allowed two different qualities (Limited / unlimited feed). France has since 2004 had a de facto standard for gassinnmating in the national gas grid. This has stricter limits for oxygen content than the other standards, and also has a number of limitations on heavy metals and halogens (IEA Bioenergy, 2007). Turnover requirements for biogas transport Description: Biogas is already covered by wagering requirement for biofuels for road traffic. The introducing a requirement especially for biogas as a percentage of the total amount of fuel sold, or as a percentage of gas sold to transport, one can rightly measure more specifically at increasing the turnover of the biogas in transport sector and thus create "pull" the market specifically geared towards use in transport sector.
167 M To L Instrument Increased access of raw material Increased biogas production Increased application Fertilizer Fertilizer Wet Wet Biogas Bio fertilizer Legal Economic Informative M To L Instrument Increased access of raw material Increased biogas production Increased application Fertilizer Fertilizer Wet Wet Biogas Bio fertilizer Legal Economic Informative The desired effect: Increase the use of biogas in the transport sector. Features: This instrument is effective management. Possible drawbacks: Administrative charge in relation to the reporting and monitoring of wagering requirement. This can result in high costs for fuel suppliers if there is little biogas available in the market. Feasibility: Medium. This instrument requires that there is sufficient gas vehicles to ensure use in the transport sector. Receive Obligation for biogas in gas company Description: If gas retailers were required to receive biogas (as for electricity in today, mandatory connection for power producers), biogas producers had been secured take-off of the gas, so the risk of investing in biogas plants is reduced. The desired effect: Guaranteed purchase of biogas, so that production becomes more profitable / less risky.
Possible Disadvantages: Difficult to guarantee the effect on profitability without having a guaranteed selling price for biogas.
Forced intervention of biogas natural gas Description: By introducing a wagering requirement of biogas of the total volume of gas sold, the created a vacuum in the market for biogas. The desired effect: Increasing demand for biogas. Features: This instrument is effective management. Possible drawbacks: The gas here will be able to go for heating etc., ie this is not channeling the gas into the transport market instrument is thus not effectively control if the goal is to increase biogas use in the transport market. This can result in high costs for gas suppliers if there is little available biogas in the market.
168 M To L Instrument Increased access of raw material Increased biogas production Increased application Fertilizer Fertilizer Wet Wet Biogas Bio fertilizer Legal Economic Informative M To L Instrument Increased access Yüklə 1,22 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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