Nyu project on International gmo regulatory Conflicts

August 10. Available at: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/02/08/10/do_421171.asp

587 Bernaudo, Guillermo (2002), “Argentina transgénica II,” La Nación, Cartas de lectores section, August 18. Available at: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/02/08/18/do_423453.asp

588 Brodsky, Norberto (2002), “Transgénicos IV,” La Nación, August 25. Available at: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/02/08/25/do_425434.asp

589 The poem says: “Los hermanos sean unidos/ porque ésa es la ley primera./ Tengan unión verdadera/ en cualquier tiempo que sea,/ porque si entre ellos pelean/ los devoran los de afuera.” Many people in Argentina could recall this strophe, as I do. Brodsky only mentions the last two verses.

590 Wynne, Brian (1991), “Knowledges in context,” Science, Technology and Human Values, Vol 16, No 1, Winter.

591 Trucco, Víctor H. (2002), “La Argentina biotecnológica,” La Nación, August 12. Available at: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/02/08/12/do_413501.asp

592 Trigo et al. (2002), p. 171.

593 Mentaberry has been giving public lectures and participating in round tables on biotechnology at least since 2000. See, for example, http://www.porquebiotecnologia.com/doc/programa/prog_evol.asp.

594 Alejandro Mentaberry, personal communication, Buenos Aires, July 2003.

595 Mentaberry, Alejandro (2003), “Los transgénicos no son inseguros,” Clarín, July 23. Available at: http://old.clarin.com/diario/2003/07/23/o-01901.htm

596 Ablin, Eduardo R. (2003), “Por qué hay que dar batalla?,” Clarín, August 23. Available at: http://old.clarin.com/suplementos/rural/2003/08/23/r-02401.htm

597 Magnani, Esteban (2003), “Caso/Soja,” Hecho en Buenos Aires. September 11. This is a critical article on RR soybean in Argentina.

598 Nudler, Julio (2000), “La trampa del piquete,” Página/12, November 25. Available at: http://www.pagina12.com.ar/2000/00-11-25/pag10o1.htm.

599 Rulli Jorge (2003= , “Soja y derechos humanos.” Available at GRR’s website, http://www32.brinkster.com/grrlaplata/Agosto2003/Soja-DDHH.html

600 Greenpeace Argentina (2002), “Cosecha récord, hambre récord,” June. Available at: http://www.greenpeace.org.ar.

601 Idem, p. 4.

602 Idem, p. 4.

603 Piqué, Elisabetta (2002), “La Argentina se pronunció a favor de los alimentos transgénicos,” La Nación, June 12. Available at: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/02/06/12/sl_404600.asp.

604 Greenpeace (2003) “ ‘Soja Solidaria’/Soja Irresponsable,” September, p. 3. Available at: http://www.greenpeace.org.ar.

605 Idem, p. 3.

606 Idem, p. 7.

607 He is Alfredo Galli, who traveled to Armenia as part of a UN mission, to promote this approach in 1997. See: Castillo, Ramón (1997), “El proyecto Pro Huerta del INTA desembarcó en Armenia,” La Nación, June 14. Available at: http://www.lanacion.acom.ar/suples/campo/970609/CP06.HTM.

608 Greenpeace Argentina’s website, visited in October 2003: http://www.greenpeace.org.ar

609 A representative of Consumers Action League—probably the most active and recognized consumer advocacy group in Argentina—is part of SENASA Technical Advisory Committee (TAC), as commented in Part II. Its website is: http://www.adelco.com.ar

610 Bertello, Fernando (2000), “Sin convicción frente a las góndolas,” La Nación, July 15. Available at: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/suples/campo/0029/p07.htm

611 “Transgénicos.” Available at: http://www.proconsumer.org.ar/Alimentacion_TRANSGENICOS.htm.

612 De Tosi, Alicia, from Consumidores Argentinos, e-mail message received in November 2003.

613 Rohter, Larry (2003), “Argentina calling companies to task,” The New York Times, December 1, p. C 17.

614 Bottino Gabriel (2001), “Genetically modified food. A comparative study in four Latin American countries,” International Development Research Center, Project No 100440, June 2000-March. Manuscript. Available at: http://www.foodsafetynetwork.ca/ge.htm#dev.

615 Bauer, Martin (2002), “Controversial medical and agri-food biotechnology: a cultivation analysis,” Public Understanding of Science, No 11, April, pp. 93-111.

616 Quoted in Wroclavsky, Damian (2002), “GMOs help Argentina fight subsidies, Monsanto,” Reuters, December 11. Available at: http://www.checkbiotech.org.

617 “People associate soybean with natural things,” comment the owner of a Buenos Aires downtown restaurant called “Grill and Soybean.” (Quoted in Folgarait, 2003). And an article on healthy food published in 2002 linked soybean consumption with low prevalence of breast and colon cancer, besides attributing soybean “a high nutritional value.” Gambier, Marina (2002), “Comer bien, vivir mejor,” La Nación revista, August 18. Available at: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/suples/revista/0234/P01.HTM. In both cases, the GM character of the soybean was commented—and dismissed as irrelevant—in the articles.

618 “We did not adopt GM soybean and corn to stop there, but to continue progressing and, with the support of biotechnology, reintroduce traditional rotating practices and mixed explotaitions, which may be of help to increase benefits, diversify risks, and make farming more sustainable.” Quoted in: “Campos promueve políticas de largo plazo,” InfoBae, November 22, 2003. Available at: http://www.infobae.com.

619 “Afirman que la agroindustria genera 1 de cada 3 empleos,” Clarín, June 3, 2004, p. 22.

620 SAGPyA, Algodón. Available at: http://www.sagpya.mecon.gov.ar.

621 Greenpeace (2005), “Greenpeace y la Federación Agraria Argentina protestan contra el patentamiento de semillas,” April 1. Available at: http://www.greenpeace.org.ar/noticia.php?contenido=4610&item=&-seccion=3; and “Regalías de la discordia,” La Nación, Campo section, April 9, p. 3.

622 In fact, deforestation and environmental problems attributed to RR soybean in Argentina had been protested by Greenpeace International and José Bové by trying to stop Argentine soybean shipments just a few months before this case was presented. “Greenpeace, José Bové Protest Against Genetically Engineered Soy on High Seas,” January 25. Available at: http://www.commondreams.org/news2005/0125-04.htm. This action in Spain against a shipment of GM soybean from Argentina followed publication of Benbrook (2005), mentioned in Part I.

623 Heller, Chaia (2001), “McDonalds, MTV, and Monsanto: Resisting biotechnology in the age of informational capital,” in Tokar, Brian (ed.), Redesigning Life? The Worldwide Challenge of Genetic Engineering, London, Zed Books. Available at: http://www.social-ecology.org/learn/library/heller/monsanto.

624 Raney, Terri and Prabhu Pingali (2004), Private Research and Public Goods: Implications of Biotechnology for Biodiversity, ESA Working Paper No 04-07, Agricultural and Development Economic Division, FAO, April, p. 20.

625 Seifert, Roberto (2005), “Más ingresos por la cosecha record,” La Nación, June 11, Campo section, pp. 1 and 6-7.

626 Kalaitzandonakes, Nicholas (2004), The Potential Impacts of Biosafety Protocol on Agricultural Commodity Trade, Washington, International Food & Agricultural Trade Policy Council – IPC Technology Issue Brief, December 26.

627 It is estimated that 2004/2005 GM soybean production in Brazil would be of around 15 to 20 million tons, from around 8 to 10 million tons in 2003/2004. Cost reduction is what makes it more attractive, as in Argentina. Stancato and Porto (2004), “Monsanto quer… .” Present trends were anticipated in Paarlberg, Robert (2001), The Politics of Precaution. Genetically Modified Crops in Developing Countries Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press.

628 Directorate General for Agriculture, Commission for the European Communities, Economic Impacts of Genetically Modified Crops on the Agri-Food Sector. A First Review, Working Document Rev.2. Available at: http://www.inai.org/ar/ogm/Economic%20impacts%20of2GMO.pfd; “GM crop market dynamics: the example of soya bean,” European Federation of Biotechnology, Briefing paper 12, March 2002. Available at: http://www.efpublic.org/uploads/GM_Crop_Market_Dynamics_English.pdf; and Pohl Nielsen, Chantal, Sherman Robinson and Karen Thierfelder (2002), Trade in Genetically Modified Food: a Survey of Empirical Studies, TMD Discussion Paper No 106, November Available at: http://www.cgiar/org/ifpri/divs/tmd/dp.htm.

629 Trigo (2005), p. 50.

630 Palermo, Angel (2003), “Productos especiales que revalorizan la cadena,” La Nación, October 25. Available at: http://www.lanacion.com.arsuples/campo/0343/db_538644.asp; and Roberto Seifert, “El maíz sale a recuperar el terreno perdido,” La Nación, October 25, 2003. Available at: http://www.lanacion.com.arsuples/campo/0343/db_538657.asp.

631 “De vuelta al ruedo,” La U. El Diario Universitario, July 6, 2005, p. 5.

632 Kalitzandonakes (2004), p. 8.

633 Brack, Duncan, Robert Falkner and Judith Goll (2003), The Next Trade War? GM Products, the Cartagena Protocol and the WTO, London, The Royal Institute of International Affairs, Briefing No. 8, September.

634 See, for example: Abdalla, A, P. Berry, P. Connell, Q. Tran, B. Buetre (2003), Agricultural Biotechnology: Potential for Use in Developing Countries, Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Canberra, October; Strategy Unit (2003), Developing Country Background Working Paper: Potential UK Impact on Developing Countries, UK Strategy Unit. In particular, The Nuffield Council On Bioethics (2003, p. 16), states regarding “food security and the role of agriculture”: “Land reforms and fairer agricultural policies in the developed world can help in several ways. First, more equitable distribution of land and access to it could enable more people to benefit from agriculture. Secondly, trade barriers to agricultural imports from poor countries could be lowered, which would increase markets for developing countries. Thirdly, reducing subsidies to farmers in developed countries would reduce the glutting of world markets for agricultural products, which depresses prices and consequently the attractiveness of agricultural production in developing countries.”

635 Myers, Norman (1998), “Lifting the veil on perverse subsidies,” Nature, Vol 392, 26 March, pp. 327-328.

636 IPC (2004), “The World Trade Organization: What are the prospects for agriculture in the Doha Round?,” Issues in South American Agriculture brief by IPC, Buenos Aires, October 25.

637 Diao, Xinshen, Eugenio Díaz Bonilla and Sherman Robinson (2003), How Much Does it Hurt? The Impact of Agricultural Trade Policies on Developing Countries Countries, International Food Policy Research Institute, August.

638 Messerlin, Patrick A. (2002), “Agriculture in the Doha Agenda,” paper prepared for the World bank Roundtable on Policy Research in preparation for the 5^th WTO Ministerial, Cairo, May 20-21.

639 Giannakas, Konstantinos (2003), “Infringements of Intellectual Property Rights: Developing Countries, Agricultural Biotechnology, and the TRIPs Agreement,” in Pardey, Philip and Bonwoo Koo, Biotechnology and Genetic Resource Policies, Washington, International Food Policy Research Institute, Brief 5, p. 3.

640 Therefore, a peaceful solution for the current dispute on RR soybean royalties with Monsanto cannot be discarded, in spite of the heated and uncertain state of the confrontation in late 2005. Mira, Cristian (2005d), “Un choque de trenes,” La Nación, September 24, Campo section, p. 2.

641 McElroy, David (2003), “Sustaining biotechnology through lean times,” Nature Biotechnology, Volume 21, Number 9, September, pp. 996-1002.

642 Moisés Burachik, general coordinator, Biotechnology Office, and Perla Godoy biosafety technical coordinator, Biotechnology Office, personal communication, Buenos Aires, May 2005.

643 Nap, Jan-Peter, Peter L. J. Metz, Marga Escaler and Anthony J. Conner (2003), “The release of genetically modified crops into the environment,” The Plant Journal 33, pp. 1–18, p. 15.

644 Bradford, Kent J., Allen Van Deynze, Neal Gutterson, Wayne Parrot and Steven Strauss (2005), “Regulating transgenic crops sensibly: essons from plant breeding, biotechnology and genomics,” Nature Bioechnology, Volume 23, No 4, April, pp. 439-444.

645 Schubert, David (2005), “Regulatory regimes for transgenic crops,” Nature Biotechnology 23, pp. 785-787.

646 Mellon and Rissler. They mention results in Snow, A.A. et al., “A Bt transgene reduces herbivory and enhances fecundity in wild sunflowers,” Ecological Applications 13: 279-86.

647 “Mayor crecimiento”, La Nación, June 12, 2004, Campo section, p. 2.

648 USDA (2005), “Agricultural Baseline Projections to 2014,” USDA Interagency Agricultural Projections Committee, February.

649 Méndez Brandam, Andrea (2005), “¿Granero orgánico del mundo?,” in La Nación, June 7. Comercio Internacional section, pp.6-7.