Objetivos generales

Organización

Elementos de textos orales o escritos

Marcadores en función del texto y del registro:

De iniciación: formalismos (This is to confirm), formulaicas (To whom it may concern), fórmulas de saludo (Dear Sir/Madam; it’s lovely to see you again), presentación (Let me introduce myself by telling you about…), introducción del tema (I would like to start by saying; I’d like to tell you about), introducción de un nuevo tema (With reference to, as far as…is concerned). De estructuración: ordenadores de apertura (In the first place, to start with); de continuación (following on [from], likewise); de cierre (To conclude, last but not least). Para comentar (Honestly, fortunately). De digresión (By the way, that reminds me). De reformulación: explicativos o rectificativos (That is to say, in other words, to put it another way); de distanciamiento (in any case) y recapitulativos ([all] in all, in conclusion, in short, to sum up, all things considered).

Elementos propios de la conversación (en diferentes registros y actitudes)

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  Marcadores para dirigirse a alguien según la situación: formas de tratamiento (Sorry!; I beg your pardon!),
  

saludar ([Good] Evening, Mr./Ms. Hyden; Hi Jane; How are you getting on/doing?), responder a un saludo (Great, and you?, Not bad, thank you; Can’t complain, and you?); solicitar al interlocutor que empiece a hablar (How do you feel about…?; I’d be glad to hear your opinion on…);

empezar a hablar (Apparently; Well, you see…; Listen to this; I bet you don’t know that…); cooperar (Oh! I see what you mean; And…?; Oh fine!; Sure!);

reaccionar (You must be joking!; You can’t be serious!; Gosh!; Good heavens!);

reforzar (Definitely!; Certainly!; No doubt about it/that!);

implicar al interlocutor (Have you heard that…; Could you tell us about…? What is your opinion about…?);

asentir (I totally agree; Oh, definitely; That’s exactly what I think!),

disentir ([I’m afraid] I don’t/can’t agree [with…]; That’s nonsense/rubbish!; Not on your life!; I see things rather differently [myself]),

atenuar la disensión (That’s one way to put it, but…; I agree with much/most of what you say, but…; There’s some/a lot of truth in what you say, but…; [Personally], I wouldn’t go so far as [to say] that…);

demostrar implicación (I’m totally with you on that, I see your point clearly)

tomar la palabra (I just wanted to say that…; Let me interrupt here…);

iniciar una explicación (Basically; The thing is; Simply, It all started when…);

pedir ayuda (I wonder if you could help me…; Would it be possible to ask you do me a favour?),

repetir y transmitir (He told us to wait here and look out for the green car),

anunciar el final (That’s all; That’s just about it),

despedirse (I’d better go now; I must be off/So long; Cheerio!; All the best, Take care).
Elementos propios de la conversación (en diferentes registros y actitudes)

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  Recursos para las reacciones esperadas en las situaciones e intercambios usuales (“pares adyacentes”):