L
T
d
L
ln
,
L
L
=
=
(1)
0
0
,
T
L
L
n
l
L
+
=
(2)
(
)
,
1
T
E
ln
=
+
(3)
where: L
0
is initial length; ΔL is change in length.
The values of the Engineering stress are then con-
verted to True stress values depending on the values of the
true strain data.
( )
,
T
T
E
EXP
=
(4)
where:
T
is the true stress;
T
is the true strain;
E
is the
engineering stress [12].
Hence the values of True stress and True strain for
these specimens are plotted against each other for determin-
ing the yield point of the material under quasi-static uniaxial
tensile load.
Fig. 4 Stress-strain plot of specimen
The above Fig. 4 is the plot of the Stress against
Strain for Specimen 1. This plot also gives a comparison of
the Engineering stress-strain plot and the True stress-strain
plot. The two curves almost seem equivalent in the elastic
region due to the quasi-static type of loading while they de-
viate after the material starts yielding, and this non-equiva-
lency is characterized by the strain rate after the yield point
[5].
It is of substantial consideration that the yield
stress of the material (D16T) is to be calculated from these
plots so as to input the data into the numerical study, hence
the evaluation of the yield stress of the material is done with
the help of rudimentary engineering techniques.
2.5. Evaluating the yield stress of the material based on the
experimental results
The fundamental procedure used in the evaluating
of the yield stress of the material is the implementation of
the 0.2% offset proof stress on the plot.
Fig. 5 Proposed evaluation plot of yield stress [2]
The Fig. 5 depicts the method for determining the
yield stress by using the 0.2% offset approach which utilises
a parallel line to the stress-strain curve.
Fig. 6 0.2 % offset proof stress
The Fig. 6 is a plot of True stress against True
strain along with the 0.2% offset proof stress. The 0.2%
proof stress is the quantity of stress that results from 0.2%
of plastic strain of the material under tension.
This method is undertaken since the stress point at
which the material transits from elastic state to plastic state
is not vivid. This method utilizes the construction of another
parallel line offset to the elastic region by 0.002 mm/mm or
0.2%. The yield stress can then be evaluated by the inter-
secting point of the offset line with the stress-strain curve.
In this case, the offset line is set to intersect the True stress-
strain curve at approximately 320 MPa. Albeit, from the
plot, it is evident that the maximum ultimate stress is ap-
proximately 530 MPa [6].
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