default pitch range is the fundamental frequency range
they employ in unmarked prosodic contexts (e.g. falling declaratives,
polar questions, wh-questions)
• Our consultant’s default pitch range was 80-200Hz: in line with
reported male speaker pitch range (Traunmüller & Eriksson, 1995)
• Established consultant’s default pitch range via filler items
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Feature 1: L+H*
• L+H* is the most salient pitch
accent type (Ayers, 1996)
• Highly prominent due to the
steep rise ending in a high target
on the stressed vowel
• Out of 82 total pitch accents in
the 23 target items, 59 were
L+H*/L+!H*
• Next most common PA was
H*/!H* (n=20)
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Feature 2: extra-high targets
• Recall that Jimmy’s default pitch
range is 80-200HZ
• We define an extra-high target
(EHT) as >220Hz
• Short: 2 EHT (2/7 items)
• Medium: 8 EHT (6/8 items)
• Long: 15 EHT (8/8 items)
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Feature 2: extra-high targets
• Extra-high targets are an important feature of exclamation
• High targets that aren’t high enough lose the feeling of note-worthiness.
• Follows previous work on the interpretation of L*+H L-H% contour shifting
based on pitch range (Hirschberg & Ward, 1992)
• Phonetics/phonology side notes:
• Possible evidence that MAE_ToBI transcription is too coarse
• We remain agnostic about whether this is an instance of pitch range expansion such
as in focus in Mandarin (Jin, 1996) or accentual boost as found in Japanese
(Kubuzono, 2007)
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(1)
(2)
Feature 3: extra ip-boundary insertions
• Exclamations include more ip-boundaries than we would expect from
default declarative intonation.
• Recall that in English, the final PA in an ip is the nuclear PA. The
nuclear pitch accent is perceived as the most prominent PA in the ip.
• Prosodic boundaries in both Seoul Korean (Jun, 2011) and in Yanbian
Korean (Jun and Jiang, to appear) can be inserted for reasons of
focus/prominence marking in addition to alignment with syntactic
structure
• We propose that these additional ips are being inserted in
exclamation to mark more content as prominent.
13
Feature 3: extra ip-boundary insertions
• The words marked with NPAs were often the words associated with
L+^H* pitch accents
• The most frequently NPA-marked words included:
• delicious, desserts (short)
• delicious, (crème) brulee (medium)
• Ridiculous(ly), shoes (long)
• Additional evidence for extra ip-boundary insertion included the
presence of a phrase accent (L-) and larger junctures
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Feature 3: extra ip-boundary insertions
15
Conclusions
• There are four different types of exclamations, if you think about them
syntactically
• But, perhaps surprisingly, they’re unified in their prosodic realizations
1.
L+H*
2.
Extra-high targets
3.
Insertion of extra ip boundaries
• There’s a little bit of independent work to show, for each of these, that
they conspire towards the same goal of making the utterance extremely
phonetically and phonologically prominent and thereby semantically
salient
• We argue that this is the most natural phonetic reflex of an intonation
contour whose function it is to mark unexpectedness
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Acknowledgments
• Thank you to our consultants, Jimmy Kelly and Connor Mayer, as well
as Adam Royer, Sun-Ah Jun, and the members of the UCLA
Contouring Club and Semantics Tea for their helpful feedback. This
research was funded by a UCLA Committee on Research grant.
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References
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intonation.
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framework.
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the rise-fall-rise intonation contour in English.
• Jin, S. 1996. An Acoustic Study of Sentence Stress in Mandarin Chinese.
• Jun, S.-A. and Jiang, X. To appear. Differences in prosodic phrasing in marking syntax vs. focus: Data from Yanbian Korean.
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• Ladd, D. 2008. Intonational phonology.
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• Rett, J. 2011. Exclamatives, degrees, and speech acts.
• Traunmüller, H., & Eriksson, A. 1995. The frequency range of the voice fundamental in the speech of male and female adults.
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