Q. & A. 711 to 1707 with solved Papers css 1971 to date

ADMINISTRATION OF MU’AWIYA (Rad.A)
Mu’awiya (RadA) was a good administrator. He was the first man who instituted the bureau of registry (Diwan al-Khatam) and organized a postal department (D;wan al-Barid). He. in cooperation with Zaid, established a police force, called as-Shurta.
S M Imamuddin P Id

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Political nnd Cultural History of Islam

Mu’awiya (Rad.A) separated the criminal administration from the finance. He appointed Governors for the provincial administration and a special officer under the title, Shahib-ul-Kharaj for the revenue administration. He adopted a measure like income-tax of the present day in which he deducted the poor-tax from the fixed annual amounts.
Mu’awiya (Rad.A) had the credit of introducing the diwan al-Khatam (bureau of registry), al-Barid (postal service), and establishing the naval power for the first time in Islam. The bureau of sealing official documents, most probably a Persian institution, was organised b\ Ziyad ibn Abih, the Governor of Iraq, the General who re-established the administration of Iraq after capturing power. The mail service was another Persian institution used for carrying official mails and transporting news regarding the happenings in remote provinces to the Caliph. This was a good system of keeping the officials at bay. Some reforms in the coinage were introduced. Bilingual coins with Arabic and Latin inscriptions were issued containing as effigy of Mu’awiya (Rad.A) carrying a stick instead of the figure of a Roman Empire holding a cross.
Due to large scale conversions in the provinces the revenue in Egypt alone had fallen to 5,000,000 from 14,000,000 dinars under Caliph Usman (Rad.A). To improve the economic condition of his empire Mu’awiya (Rad.A) introduced certain revenue reforms. For maintaining peace, he preferred the installation of kingship to the practice of election or nomination of the Caliphs. As a tribal chief he possessed the principal virtues of moderation, composure and selfcontrol. He received delegations to smoothen tribal differences and was a great tolerant ruler. During his time, the Christians and Jews enjoyed equal privileges with the Muslims in the socio-political life. The Christian Sarjun ibn Mansur was an influential financial adviser.