Q. & A. 711 to 1707 with solved Papers css 1971 to date

11. Rebellion of Sulayman
Sulayman gathered 70,000 force at Qinnasrin and revolted against Marwan II in 127/745. Yazid son of Umar ibn Hubayrah was deputed against Sulayman who being defeated fled to Hims which was besieged. Leaving his brother Sa’id at Hims Sulayman himself fled to Kufah. Hims was taken by storm. The city walls of Hims, Jerusalem, Ba’lbak and Damascus were dismantled.
12. Rebellions of the Kharijis
The Kharijis rose in Iraq under their caliph al-Dahhak ibn Qays al-Shaybani in 127 A.H./745 A.D., ravaged Mesopotamia and taking advantage of the tribal feuds and civil wars in Kufah and ether cities of Iraq Dahhak occupied Kufah where he was joined by Sulayman. Later after six month’s stay at Kufah he returned to his

458
Political and Cultural History of Islam

own home city Mosul. Marwan II himself took the field in 128/Sept.

746. The Kharijis were defeated and their leader Dahhak fell in the battle which was fought between Harran and Nasibin. The Kharijis,

40,000 in number, still held Mosul under their new leader Bakri in

129/747. They were driven across the Tigris. The Kharijis drove the Umayyad troops from Azerbaijan. The Kharijis were powerful also in Arabia. Under their leader Abu Hamzah once they also occupied the two holy cities of Makkah and Medina.

Berber and Khariji rebels were active in North Africa and they took advantage of unsettled conditions in the centre and the frequent changes in the provinces. Their tribal and civil wars were fought in Spain which was in a hopeless condition. The relations between the Mudars and the Yamanis were tense. At last they decided that in one year they would be ruled by a Mudarite representative and in the next by a Yamni one. Accordingly Yusuf al-Fihri occupied the office but when the term of the Yamani representative came he did not vacate the office as a result, tribal jealousies continued. Spain was a dependency of North Africa but it paid respect neither to the Viceroy of North Africa nor to the Caliph of Damascus. Restoring order in Mesopotamia and Iraq, Marwan II returned to his palace in the desert of Harran in Mesopotamia where he had transferred his capital leaving the affairs of the Empire to take their own course. The Greeks threatened in Asia Minor, the Abbasids in Khurasan, but turned deaf ear to all reposing in his palace.8